{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:20:22Z","timestamp":1782188422548,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Physiologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aim:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hypokalaemia is associated with a lethal form of ventricular tachycardia (VT), torsade de pointes, through pathophysiological mechanisms requiring clarification.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Left ventricular endocardial and epicardial monophasic action potentials were compared in isolated mouse hearts paced from the right ventricular epicardium perfused with hypokalaemic (3 and 4\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>) solutions. Corresponding K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> currents were compared in whole\u2010cell patch\u2010clamped epicardial and endocardial myocytes.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hypokalaemia prolonged <jats:italic>epicardial<\/jats:italic> action potential durations (APD) from mean APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>s of 37.2\u2003\u00b1\u20031.7\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20037) to 58.4\u2003\u00b1\u20034.1\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=7) and 66.7\u2003\u00b1\u20032.1\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200311) at 5.2, 4 and 3\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> respectively. <jats:italic>Endocardial<\/jats:italic> APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>s correspondingly increased from 51.6\u2003\u00b1\u20031.9\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20037) to 62.8\u2003\u00b1\u20032.8\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20037) and 62.9\u2003\u00b1\u20035.9\u2003ms (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200311) giving reductions in endocardial\u2013epicardial differences, \u0394APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>, from 14.4\u2003\u00b1\u20032.6 to 4.4\u2003\u00b1\u20035.0 and \u22123.4\u2003\u00b1\u20036.0\u2003ms respectively. Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) occurred in epicardia in three of seven spontaneously beating hearts at 4\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> with triggered beats followed by episodes of non\u2010sustained VT in nine of 11 preparations at 3\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>. Programmed electrical stimulation <jats:italic>never<\/jats:italic> induced arrhythmic events in preparations perfused with normokalemic solutions yet induced VT in two of seven and nine of 11 preparations at 4 and 3\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> respectively. Early outward K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> current correspondingly fell from 73.46\u2003\u00b1\u20038.45 to 61.16\u00b16.14\u2003pA\/pF in isolated <jats:italic>epicardial<\/jats:italic> but not <jats:italic>endocardial<\/jats:italic> myocytes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20039) (3\u2003m<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> [K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]<jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hypokalaemic mouse hearts recapitulate the clinical arrhythmogenic phenotype, demonstrating EADs and triggered beats that might <jats:italic>initiate<\/jats:italic> VT on the one hand and reduced transmural dispersion of repolarization reflected in \u0394APD<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> suggesting <jats:italic>arrhythmogenic substrate<\/jats:italic> on the other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01643.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,16]],"date-time":"2007-01-16T23:23:03Z","timestamp":1168989783000},"page":"33-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the isolated perfused hypokalaemic murine heart"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"M. 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