{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:24:41Z","timestamp":1791156281661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Acta Physiologica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review summarizes current literature on pulmonary oedema triggered by above\u2010ground exercise in healthy humans from studies that use various imaging techniques to detect oedema. Eleven studies were identified, comprising of 137 subjects (mean age\u2003=\u200328\u2003years). Eighty per cent (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003110) were males, and 20% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200327) were female. The studies were grouped into three different categories according to the severity of the exercise protocol, which were either prolonged, submaximal exercise of 15\u2010min to 2\u2003h in duration at approx. 50\u201375%V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> and not to exhaustion (PROLONGED, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200344), a V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> test lasting 16\u201320\u2003min in which the intensity of exercise was only maximum for about 2\u2003min at the end of the test (GXT, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200315), and maximum or near maximum effort exercise protocols at or near volitional exhaustion where the goal was to finish in the fastest possible time or maintain the highest possible workload (MAX EFFORT, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u200378). Only 16% of the subjects showed signs of oedema from PROLONGED exercise and no subjects (0%) showed signs of oedema from GXT exercise. Surprisingly, approx. 65% of the subjects showed signs of oedema triggered by MAX EFFORT exercise (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> test of association; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003\u20030.01), which was independent of both sex, the level of hypoxia (inspired PO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2003=\u2003106\u2013118\u2003mmHg vs. 149\u2003mmHg), the timing of the post\u2010exercise imaging (&lt;10, &gt;30 but &lt;60\u2003min, or &gt;60\u2003min) and V\u0307O<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub> (approx. 3.0 vs. approx. 4.8\u2003L\u2003min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>). The data suggests that the chances of triggering pulmonary oedema from exhaustive MAX EFFORT exercise is 4\u00d7 more compared with PROLONGED exercise. As well, the likelihood of triggering pulmonary oedema may be independent of lung size, sex, moderate levels of hypoxia, and aerobic fitness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01660.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,19]],"date-time":"2007-01-19T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1169216165000},"page":"305-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Evidence of pulmonary oedema triggered by exercise in healthy humans and detected with various imaging techniques"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"189","author":[{"given":"G. 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