{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T02:11:37Z","timestamp":1782871897802,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Small Animal Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>To compare intra\u2010articular morphine or bupivacaine against no treatment following unilateral elbow joint arthroscopy using force plate analysis and pain scoring.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Thirty\u2010one dogs were randomly allocated to receive 0\u00b71 mg\/kg intra\u2010articular morphine, 0\u00b75 mg\/kg bupivacaine or no treatment following elbow arthroscopy. Force plate analysis, pain scoring and kinematic evaluation were performed before anaesthesia, 4 and 24 hours after surgery. Peak vertical force index, symmetry index, rate of loading, rate of unloading, stance time and range of motion were obtained from gait analysis. Pain scoring was performed every 4 hours and interventional analgesia (0\u00b73 mg\/kg methadone) was administered if necessary.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Of 29 dogs analysed, peak vertical force index (P&lt;0\u00b7001), symmetry index (P=0\u00b701) and rate of unloading (P=0\u00b701) decreased significantly over time in each group; however, this was not affected by treatment. No significant differences were observed in stance time or rate of loading over time. Kinematic (range of motion) evaluation was not complete for all dogs. Pain scores increased significantly at both time points postoperatively in the no treatment group (P=0\u00b7007) and in morphine\u2010treated dogs at 4 hours compared to baseline (P=0\u00b703). For intra\u2010articular bupivacaine significant increases in pain scores were not detected (P=0\u00b728).<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>No benefit to intra\u2010articular bupivacaine or morphine was detected using peak vertical force index from force plate analysis. Bupivacaine prevented increases in pain scores at both time points as did morphine at the 24\u2010hour evaluation, compared to no treatment.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01222.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]],"date-time":"2012-06-19T16:33:32Z","timestamp":1340123612000},"page":"387-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Intra\u2010articular morphine, bupivacaine or no treatment for postoperative analgesia following unilateral elbow joint arthroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"M. A.","family":"Gurney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Surgeons Delamere House, Ashville Point, Sutton Weaver Cheshire WA7 3FW"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rysnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital The Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool Wirral CH64 7TE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. J.","family":"Comerford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital The Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool Wirral CH64 7TE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"Cripps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital The Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool Wirral CH64 7TE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Iff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Anaesthesia Services\u2010International Zuercherstrasse 39 8400 Winterthur Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Arthroscopically assisted surgery of the elbow joint","author":"Beale B. 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