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KD had almost exclusively letter substitutions, and SF also made letter omissions, additions, letter position errors, and between\u2010word migrations. KD had difficulties accessing abstract letter identity in single\u2010letter tasks, and in letter naming, unlike SF, who named letters well. KD did not show lexical effects such as frequency and orthographic neighbourhood effects and produced nonword responses, whereas SF showed lexical effects, with a strong tendency to produce word responses. We suggest that these two patterns stem from two different deficits \u2013 KD has letter identity visual dyslexia, which results from a deficit in abstract letter identification in the orthographic\u2010visual analysis system, yielding erroneous letter identities, whereas SF has visual\u2010output dyslexia, which results from a deficit at a later stage, a stage that combines the outputs of the various functions of the orthographic\u2010visual analyzer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-6653.2011.02000.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,16]],"date-time":"2011-03-16T12:36:18Z","timestamp":1300278978000},"page":"1-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Patterns of visual dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Naama","family":"Friedmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Biran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviah","family":"Gvion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.15.5.802"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOPR.0000010515.58435.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70050-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432997381448"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(90)90023-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Neglect dysgraphia","volume":"46","author":"Baxter D. 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