{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T03:22:02Z","timestamp":1773976922547,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3288,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Law. Med. Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Consider this hypothetical scenario involving a choice not to vaccinate a child. Ms. S has a niece who is autistic. The girl's parents are suspicious that there is some relationship between her autism and her Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccination. They have shared their concerns with Ms. S. She then declines to have her own daughter, Jinny S., vaccinated with the MMR vaccine. To bypass the state's mandatory vaccination requirement, Ms. S claims a state-legislated philosophical exemption, whereby she simply attests to the fact that she is opposed to vaccinating her daughter due to a conscientiously held belief. At the age of four, Jinny goes on a trip by airplane to Germany with her mother. After returning to the United States, she attends daycare despite having some mild cold symptoms. Subsequently, she develops a classic measles rash, at which point her mother brings her to a pediatrician and keeps her home from daycare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720x.2012.00693.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T11:49:53Z","timestamp":1444736993000},"page":"606-611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Free to Choose but Liable for the Consequences: Should Non-Vaccinators Be Penalized for the Harm They Do?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Arthur L.","family":"Caplan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Karshenboyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib2","unstructured":"2. Jungkind, D. , \u201cRe: Tracing Viruses,\u201d email to David Hoke, March 7, 2011 (emphasis added)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib32","unstructured":"27. Teret and Vernick, supra note 10, at 112."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib13","unstructured":"11. John B. v. Superior Ct., 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d 316, 324, 137 P.3d 153, 159 (2006); R.A.P. v. B.J.P., 428 N.W.2d 103, 106 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988); B.N. v. K.K., 312 Md. 135, 141, 528 A.2d 1175, 1178 (1988)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib1","unstructured":"1. This scenario is loosely based on fictional Season 10, Episode 19 of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib31","unstructured":"26. Model Penal Code \u00a7 202(2)(d) (1981)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib4","first-page":"51","article-title":"\u201cSpontaneous Mutation Rate of Measles Virus: Direct Estimation Based on Mutations Conferring Monoclonal Antibody Resistance,\u201d","volume":"73","author":"Hunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib20","unstructured":"16. B.N., 528 A.2d at 141\u201343, 528 A.2d at 1178\u201379."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib18","unstructured":"14. Id."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib25","unstructured":"20. John B., 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 324\u201325, 137 P.3d at 160\u201361."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib11","unstructured":"9. It should be noted, further, that Mr. and Mrs. P might likewise pursue a claim for the negligent infliction of emotional distress, due to the personal suffering they would experience in losing their child. While such an action is certainly a viable option, it has no direct bearing on our argument that liability ought to be applied where harm has resulted from claiming a philosophical objection to vaccination."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib16","unstructured":"12. See, e.g., Hamil v. Bashline, 481 Pa. 256, 265\u201366, 392 A.2d 1280, 1284 (1978)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib24","unstructured":"19. B.N., 312 Md. at 142, 528 A.2d at 1179."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib26","unstructured":"21. Id., at 325, 137 P.3d at 161 (internal quotations and citations omitted)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib21","unstructured":"17. R.A.P., 428 N.W.2d at 107; Skillings v. Allen, 143 Minn. 323, 326, 173 N.W. 663, 664 (1919)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib7","unstructured":"6. Center for Disease Control, Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine Prevention Diseases, Measles Virus Isolation, available at <http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/surv-manual\/chpt07-measles.html>(last visited July 13, 2012)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib17","unstructured":"13. John B., 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 324, 137 P.3d at 159."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib8","unstructured":"7. Center for Disease Control, Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine Prevention Diseases, Measles, Laboratory Testing, available at <http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/surv-manual\/chpt07-measles.html*#laboratory>(last visited July 13, 2012)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib9","unstructured":"8. \u201cPlacing a clear level of certainty on this is pretty difficult\u2026 I would be making up percentages on this but would say 90\u201395% certain\u2026 assuming there was no one else the infant came into contact with that had measles.\u201d Lautenbach, E. , \u201cHypothetical Measles Question,\u201d email to David Hoke, April 13, 2011; \u201cI think the epidemiological evidence can build a strong case but I think certainty is not possible. if all of the epidemiological features pointed to the first child infecting the second, then I think the certainty of that is very high (>>95%) given that measles is otherwise such a rare infection in the US currently.\u201d. Metlay, J. , \u201cHypothetical Measles Epi Question,\u201d email to David Hoke, April 13, 2011."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib27","unstructured":"22. Smith v. Baker, 20 F. 709 (S.D.N.Y. 1884)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib19","unstructured":"15. Doe v. Johnson, 817 F. Supp. 1382, 1386 (W.D. Mich. 1993)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib29","unstructured":"24. Prosser and Keeton on the Torts 266 ( William Lloyd Prosser, eds., 5th ed. 1984)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib6","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Diagnostic Virology Protocols","author":"Julkunen","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib23","unstructured":"18. John B., 45 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 324, 137 P.3d at 159 (internal quotation omitted)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib12","first-page":"110","article-title":"\u201cGambling with the Health of Others,\u201d","volume":"107","author":"Teret","year":"2009","journal-title":"Michigan Law Revie First Impressions"},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib30","unstructured":"25. In re Christien M., 157 Misc. 2d 4, 21\u201322, 595 N.Y.S. 2d 606, 613 (N.Y. Fam. Ct. 1992)."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib28","unstructured":"23. Teret, Vernick, , supra note 10, at 112."},{"key":"S1073110500016648_bib3","unstructured":"3. CDC NCIRD DVD Inquiry, \u201cFW: \u2018FW: Tracking Viruses,\u2019\u201d email to David Hoke, March 14, 2011."}],"container-title":["Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1748-720X.2012.00693.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2012.00693.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1073110500016648","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T18:52:16Z","timestamp":1610650336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1073110500016648\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"alternative-id":["S1073110500016648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-720x.2012.00693.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1073-1105","1748-720X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1073-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-720X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}