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Tapirs show only partial homology and analogy with elephants in the narial and upper labial structures, as well as in the skull bones and teeth. However, superficially similar extensions in other extant vertebrates differ greatly in anatomy and function. Therefore, they deserve new names: prorhiscis (e.g. Mammalia:<jats:italic>Saiga tatarica<\/jats:italic>), prorhinosis (e.g. Chondrichthyes:<jats:italic>Callorhinchus<\/jats:italic>spp.), prorhynchis (e.g. Osteichthyes:<jats:italic>Campylomormyrus<\/jats:italic>spp.) and progeneiontis (e.g. Osteichthyes:<jats:italic>Gnathonemus<\/jats:italic>spp.). Among non\u2010mammalian vertebrates, no bird or reptile is known to possess a proboscis. Among fishes, there are various extensions of the rostrum, jaws, \u2018nose\u2019 and \u2018chin\u2019 that lack the required narial involvement. The skulls of extinct mammals within (e.g. deinotheres) and beyond (e.g. astrapotheres) the Proboscidea confirm that a proboscis evolved independently in several mammalian lineages before the Pliocene. This convergence with tapirs presumably reflects, in part, the advantages of concentrating the olfactory sensor on what is, effectively, the tip of a long mobile upper lip. However, the proboscis does not appear to have arisen<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>in any vertebrate post\u2010Pliocene, and its continued evolution has apparently depended on the further development of its length, flexibility and innervations, as epitomized by elephants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2012.00315.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,8]],"date-time":"2012-08-08T16:58:37Z","timestamp":1344445117000},"page":"84-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Structural and functional comparison of the proboscis between tapirs and other extant and extinct vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Antoni V.","family":"MILEWSKI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen S.","family":"DIERENFELD","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-009-9123-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2008)28[886:PAPOTP]2.0.CO;2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"45A","article-title":"Not all noses are hoses: an appraisal of proboscis evolution in mammals","volume":"22","author":"Clifford AB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836903004692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The facial skeleton of the early Oligocene Colodon (Perissodactyla, Tapiroidea)","volume":"8","author":"Colbert MW","year":"2005","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-6-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"234","volume-title":"Kadimakara: Extinct Vertebrates of Australia","author":"Flannery TF","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503876"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Skull, proboscis musculature and preorbital gland in the saiga antelope and Guenther's dikdik (Mammalia, Bovidae)","volume":"235","author":"Frey R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Zoologischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853963X00095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour and Ecology","author":"Geist V","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"The structure of the holocephalan head and the relationships of the Chondrichthyes (PhD dissertation)","author":"Grogan ED","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1975.tb00275.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2010.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004627345","volume-title":"Mammals of the Soviet Union, vol. 1: Ungulates","author":"Heptner VG","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.113.1.447","article-title":"The contribution of nasal countercurrent heat exchange to water balance in the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris","volume":"113","author":"Huntley AC","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence","author":"Jerison HJ","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia","author":"Johnson SC","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(84)90102-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals","author":"Kingdon J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geobios.2004.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"The rostral nasal anatomy of 2 elephant shrews","volume":"157","author":"Kratzing JE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300016651"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_29_1.1","unstructured":"MarkovGN SpassovN SimeonovskiV(2001).A reconstruction of the facial morphology and feeding behavior of the deinotheres. 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