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CD4 T lymphocytes are also a source of chemokines which control migration of lymphocytes to the site of infection and which also inhibit HIV entry into CD4\u2010expressing targets. Continuous production of viral proteins leads to an unbalanced immune activation and to the triggering of apoptotic programs, turning mononuclear cells, including CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and APC, into effectors of apoptosis, leading to fratricidal destruction of healthy uninfected cells expressing the death receptors. Inappropriate PCD is also responsible for the disappearance of T helper cells primed for type\u20101 cytokine synthesis, thus contributing to the lack of survival factors which could prevent spontaneous lymphocyte apoptosis. Under potent anti\u2010retroviral therapies, a significant decrease in spontaneous, TCR\u2010 and CD95\u2010induced lymphocyte apoptosis is observed, concomitant with a partial quantitative and qualitative restoration of the immune system in treated patients. However, owing to the suppressive effect of anti\u2010retroviral drugs on physiological apoptosis, these therapies are associated with alteration of TNF\u2010\u03b1\u2010regulated T cell homeostasis, leading to an accumulation in the blood of T cells primed for TNF\u2010\u03b1 synthesis, and contributing to the development of a new syndrome associated with these treatments, the lipodystrophy syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05596.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,20]],"date-time":"2010-07-20T18:56:00Z","timestamp":1279652160000},"page":"30-45","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["HIV, Cytokines and Programmed Cell Death: A Subtle Interplay"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"926","author":[{"given":"MARIE\u2010LISE","family":"GOUGEON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ERIC","family":"LEDRU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HONAMI","family":"NAORA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MARIALUISA","family":"BOCCHINO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"HERV\u00c9","family":"LECOEUR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","unstructured":"Malkovsky M. 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