{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:29:24Z","timestamp":1762100964858},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]],"date-time":"2006-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1150,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>A<jats:sc>bstract<\/jats:sc>: <\/jats:bold> Organized lymphoid tissue is the first line of antigenic defense. Recruited by antigen located in the non\u2010lymphoid tissues, the infiltrating lymphocytes often organize themselves as follicle\u2010like structures that contain germinal centers, similar to those in secondary lymphoid follicles of lymph nodes. These extranodal tertiary lymphoid follicles are found in various autoimmune diseases. We investigated 153 patients with protracted lymph stasis of the lower limb, caused by lymphatic damage incurred through soft tissue bacterial inflammation or mechanical trauma of soft tissues and bones. In 10% of patients with post\u2010inflammatory, and in 25% with post\u2010traumatic lymph stasis, \u201cnewly\u2010formed\u201d lymph nodes were detected by means of lymphoscintigraphy. They were located along the large calf and thigh veins. Although scattered nodes are normally detected in these areas, the number and total mass of visualized nodes substantially exceeded those seen in healthy subjects. The calculated surface area of \u201cnewly formed\u201d nodes attained 50\u201070% of the area of ipsilateral inguinal nodes. Histological evaluation of nodal biopsy specimens in three such patients revealed, in one, a lymph node structure without differentiation into cortical and medullary areas, and in a second, a follicle\u2010like structure within a dilated lymph vessel. Lymph clot removed from another dilated vessel contained a lymphocyte\/dendritic cell aggregate. The \u201cnewly formed\u201d nodes likely originate from primordial lymphoid follicles and\/or lymphoid cell aggregates formed in response to chronic stimulation by microbial products and self\u2010antigens from the damaged tissues. Detection of \u201cnewly\u2010formed\u201d lymph nodes in the limb is evidence of an ongoing inflammatory process and requires appropriate therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04877.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,9]],"date-time":"2009-07-09T19:26:37Z","timestamp":1247167597000},"page":"166-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>De Novo<\/i> Lymph Node Formation in Chronic Inflammation of the Human Leg"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"979","author":[{"given":"WALDEMAR L.","family":"OLSZEWSKI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.1072"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03596.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00030-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.2.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220203"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62570-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"816","article-title":"Demonstration of thyroid antigen\u2010specific B cells and recombination\u2010activating gene expression in chemokine\u2010containing active intrathyroidal germinal centers","volume":"159","author":"Armengol M.P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Newly\u2010formed lymph nodes in the submucosa in chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"34","author":"Kaiserling E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lymphology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7830"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786481"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"315","article-title":"The pathomechanism of posttraumatic edema of lower limbs","volume":"52","author":"Szczesny G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"I. The effect of extravasated blood, bone marrow cells, and bacterial colonization on tissues, lymphatics and lymph nodes. J. Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","unstructured":"Kubik S. 2000. Atlas of the Lymphatics of the Lower Limbs. Servier. Paris."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","unstructured":"Kaindl F. E. Mannheimer L. Pfleger\u2010Schwary et al.1960. Lymphangiographie und Lymphadenographie der unteren Extremitaeten.:2\u20103. Thieme. 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