{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T14:16:27Z","timestamp":1794665787690,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]],"date-time":"2009-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1240790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In most species daily rhythms are synchronized by the photoperiodic cycle. They are generated by the circadian system, which is made of a pacemaker, an entrainment pathway to this clock, and one or more output signals. In vertebrates, melatonin produced by the pineal organ is one of these outputs. The production of this time\u2010keeping hormone is high at night and low during the day. Despite the fact that this is a well\u2010preserved pattern, the pathways through which the photoperiodic information controls the rhythm have been profoundly modified from early vertebrates to mammals. The photoperiodic control is direct in fish and frogs and indirect in mammals. In the former, full circadian systems are found in photoreceptor cells of the pineal organ, retina, and possibly brain, thus forming a network where melatonin could be a hormonal synchronizer. In the latter, the three elements of a circadian system are scattered: the photoreceptive units are in the eyes, the clocks are in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the melatonin\u2010producing units are in the pineal cells. Intermediate situations are observed in sauropsids. Differences are also seen at the level of the arylalkylamine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyltransferase (AANAT), the enzyme responsible for the daily variations in melatonin production. In contrast to tetrapods, teleost fish AANATs are duplicated and display tissue\u2010specific expression; also, pineal AANAT is special\u2014it responds to temperature in a species\u2010specific manner, which reflects the fish ecophysiological preferences. This review summarizes anatomical, structural, and molecular aspects of the evolution of the melatonin\u2010producing system in vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04435.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,28]],"date-time":"2009-04-28T00:09:29Z","timestamp":1240877369000},"page":"101-111","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["Structural and Functional Evolution of the Pineal Melatonin System in Vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1163","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Falc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Besseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fuent\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Sauzet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Magnanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Boeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(98)00078-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Sensory Systems Neuroscience\u2014Fish Physiology","author":"Falc\u00f3n J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.01.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018483627058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.14.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z92-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.52.Suppl_441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2003.1303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545839"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","volume-title":"Pineal and Retinal Relationships","author":"O\u2019Brien P.J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.35.991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Handbook of Sensory Physiology","author":"Dodt E.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238294"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90298-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(92)90011-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-3371(90)90016-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-3371(88)90008-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0579-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"199","volume-title":"The Pineal Gland","author":"Klein D.C.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"The melatonin rhythm\u2010generating enzyme: molecular regulation of serotonin N\u2010acetyltransferase in the pineal gland","volume":"52","author":"Klein D.C.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Recent Prog. 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