{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:32:41Z","timestamp":1791282761661,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1251763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    B lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders since B\u2010cell depletion treatment improves such diseases. However, B cells seem ambivalent. Murine strains of nonorgan\u2010specific as well as organ\u2010specific autoimmune conditions present with aggravated symptoms when B cells are depleted. It is thus likely that some B cells are pathogenic while other have regulatory function. There is not only one regulatory B cell (Breg) subset, but different types of Breg cells. Regulatory function can thus be ascribed to autoreactive B cells, marginal zone B cells, transitional type 2\u2013like B cells, or CD5\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    B cells. Regulatory activity is induced only following cell activation through a B\u2010cell receptor, CD40, and\/or TLR9. Regulatory effects are then mediated by a soluble agent, such as IL\u201010, and\/or direct cell\u2010to\u2010cell contacts that involve CD40 or B7 co\u2010stimulatory molecules. Targeted cells also vary from one disease to another. Antigen\u2010specific autoreactive T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and regulatory T lymphocytes can thus be either inhibited or activated to finally modulate the autoimmune response. Taken as a whole, it appears that Breg cells participate in the control of autoimmunity within a complex cellular network that may differ for each pathology. Adapted stimulation and control of regulatory activity would thus be a prerequisite to an efficient usage of these B cells as an alternative therapy for autoimmune diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04651.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,1]],"date-time":"2009-09-01T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1251828156000},"page":"260-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Regulatory B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1173","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Lemoine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahsen","family":"Morva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Youinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Jamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00950.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"B cell targeted therapies in autoimmune diseases","volume":"77","author":"Isenberg D.A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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