{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:48:47Z","timestamp":1792118927121,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1312761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping the normal and abnormal microflora of the genital econiche are discussed, in particular those related to bacterial vaginosis, which worldwide is the most common vaginal infection, with numerous obstetrical and gynecological complications, including acquisition and transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Characterized by a heavy overgrowth of Gram\u2010negative and Gram\u2010positive anaerobes with no signs of inflammation, bacterial vaginosis has been regarded a microbiological and immunological enigma. Immune tolerance to both normal and abnormal vaginal microbiota, mainly derived from gut microflora, as a result of coevolution with humans might explain the absence of inflammation, supported by short\u2010chain fatty acids, known to modulate immune responses, that are produced in large quantities by anaerobes. Recent studies have implicated the development of a vaginal biofilm with <jats:italic>Gardnerella vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Atopobium vaginae<\/jats:italic> as main players in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Supporting this conclusion are data such as those demonstrating heavy growth of <jats:italic>G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> and diversified anaerobes with numerous \u201cclue cells\u201d that are sloughing off from the biofilm. <jats:italic>Gardnerella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic> organisms attached to these clue cells can be demonstrated in the male genital econiche, likely reflecting a heterosexual transmission of the disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06041.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]],"date-time":"2011-08-08T17:18:42Z","timestamp":1312823922000},"page":"48-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["The genital econiche: focus on microbiota and bacterial vaginosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1230","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Danielsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per Kristen","family":"Teigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Moi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3021-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3021-0_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","first-page":"289","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases.","author":"Hillier S.L","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/6.Supplement_1.S67"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124234"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002836"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607077104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-005-0049-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506655103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Die Scheidensekretuntersuchungen","volume":"18","author":"D\u00f6derlein A.","year":"1894","journal-title":"Zentralbl. 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