{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T13:41:32Z","timestamp":1782999692520,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,23]],"date-time":"2011-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1316736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetylcholine receptors (AchRs) and Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels (NaChs) are concentrated on neuromuscular junction (NMJ) postsynaptic folds; both are depleted in myasthenia gravis (MG), reducing the safety factor (SF) for neuromuscular transmission, especially in extraocular muscles (EOM). Studies of human myasthenic nerve\u2013muscle preparations indicate that loss of endplate AChRs accounts for 59%, and NaChs for 40%, of SF reduction. Rodent models of MG indicate that NaChs and AChRs losses are due to complement\u2010mediated destruction of postsynaptic folding. Saccades in MG show stereotyped, conjugate initial components, similar to normal but different from early disconjugacy with ocular nerve palsies. Loss of AChRs, NaChs, and postsynaptic folding all contribute to SF reduction in MG. EOM seem more susceptible to MG because of poor postsynaptic folding, lower baseline SF, and lower levels of intrinsic complement inhibitors. Initial conjugacy of saccades in MG reflects selective sparing of neuromuscular transmission of fast, pale global fibers, which have better developed postsynaptic folding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06123.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T19:47:30Z","timestamp":1317152850000},"page":"26-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Factors contributing to failure of neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis and the special case of the extraocular muscles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1233","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Serra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Kaminski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. John","family":"Leigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)05186-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/321063a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(89)90029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-09-02957.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","first-page":"408","article-title":"Localization of voltage\u2010sensitive sodium channels on the extrasynaptic membrane surface of mouse skeletal muscle by autoradiography of scorpion toxin binding sites","volume":"19","author":"Leteut T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406233302507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"197","article-title":"Mechanisms of acetylcholine receptor loss from the neuromuscular junction","volume":"90","author":"Engel A.G.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ciba Found. Symp."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.27.4.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4109.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","volume-title":"Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Syndromes","author":"Kaminski H.J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.850793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","first-page":"1769","volume-title":"Myology","author":"Engel A.G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1254.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1971.tb30741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.9.1497"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.1.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1143-0_28"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/285238a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.3.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.3.739"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Biological organization of the extraocular muscles","volume":"151","author":"Spencer R.F.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000050321017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040003001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-007-0591-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","volume-title":"The Neurology of Eye Movements","author":"Leigh R.J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1976.03910040299001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510200039007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","first-page":"201","article-title":"How myasthenia gravis alters the safety factor for neuromuscular transmission","volume":"15","author":"Ruff R.L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1982.243.6.E512"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000327525.72168.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","first-page":"1681","article-title":"Conjugate ocular oscillations during shifts of the direction and depth of visual fixation.\u2002Invest Ophthalmol","volume":"40","author":"Ramat S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vis. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1996.271.3.C971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2343316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","first-page":"No. 5","volume":"44","author":"Khanna","year":"2003","journal-title":"IOVS"}],"container-title":["Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2011.06123.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06123.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:51:49Z","timestamp":1695689509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06123.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06123.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06123.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0077-8923","1749-6632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0077-8923","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-6632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}