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After injections of tract\u2010tracers into the oculomotor nucleus (nIII) of two monkeys, the retrograde labeling was combined with CR\u2010immunofluorescence in frozen brainstem sections. Three sources of CR inputs to nIII were found: the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (RIMLF), the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the y\u2010group. CR is not present in all premotor upward\u2010moving pathways. The excitatory secondary vestibulo\u2010ocular neurons in the magnocellular part of the medial vestibular nuclei contained nonphosphorylated neurofilaments, but no CR, and they received a strong supply of large CR\u2010positive boutons. In conclusion, the present study presents evidence that only specific premotor pathways for upward eye movements\u2014excitatory upgaze pathways\u2014contain CR, but not the up vestibulo\u2010ocular reflex pathways. This property may help to differentiate between premotor up\u2010 and downgaze pathways in correlative clinico\u2010anatomical studies in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06168.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,27]],"date-time":"2011-09-27T19:47:30Z","timestamp":1317152850000},"page":"91-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Sources of calretinin inputs to motoneurons of extraocular muscles involved in upgaze"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1233","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Ahlfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mustari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anja K.E.","family":"Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"356","article-title":"Transmitter inputs to different motoneuron subgroups in the oculomotor and trochlear nucleus in monkey","volume":"35","author":"Schulze C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc. 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