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Discovered as natural products from actinomycetes soil bacteria, the tetracyclines were first reported in the scientific literature in 1948. They were noted for their broad spectrum antibacterial activity and were commercialized with clinical success beginning in the late 1940s to the early 1950s. The second\u2010generation semisynthetic analogs and more recent third\u2010generation compounds show the continued evolution of the tetracycline scaffold toward derivatives with increased potency as well as efficacy against tetracycline\u2010resistant bacteria, with improved pharmacokinetic and chemical properties. Their biologic activity against a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens and their uses in mammalian models of inflammation, neurodegeneration, and other biological systems indicate that the tetracyclines will continue to be successful therapeutics in infectious diseases and as potential therapeutics against inflammation\u2010based mammalian cell diseases.<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06354.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]],"date-time":"2011-12-22T15:22:10Z","timestamp":1324567330000},"page":"17-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":409,"title":["The history of the tetracyclines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1241","author":[{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_2","unstructured":"From an interview conducted by author Mark Nelson in April 2011 with Mr. Tobey Hockett aged 68 now retired after a successful career as an attorney and Chief Assistant Public Defender in Sarasota Florida ."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_2","volume-title":"The Million Dollar Bugs","author":"Pearson M.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.73.5.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1946.tb31756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1948.tb27262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.111.2874.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1950.02910360003001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01139a533"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01642a064"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01118a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01473a043"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00900a027"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00527-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04581-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01573a089"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00804a025"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01622a085"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367622"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_20_2","first-page":"742","volume-title":"Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry","author":"Nelson M.L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_21_2","first-page":"117","volume-title":"The Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. 1985.","author":"Rogalski W.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555815929","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Agents: Antibacterials and Antifungals. 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