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Studies on helminth glycans have focused on Lewis X, LDN, LDN\u2010DF, other fucosylated structures, chitin, tyvelose, and trehalose, which interact with host antigen presenting cells (APCs) minimally via C\u2010type lectins and\/or Toll\u2010like receptors (TLR). Here, we review recent findings on helminth glycan activation of APCs via C\u2010type lectin\/TLRs and introduce the concept that glycosylated helminth molecules require endocytosis to function as immune modulators. Second, we describe unpublished data showing that <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> glycoconjugates comprising multiple copies of glycans on carriers are directly immune modulatory. Lastly, we discuss the observation that CD14 negatively regulates alternative activation of APCs during helminth infection. We close with a discussion on the use of immune modulatory glycans as vaccine adjuvants and as antiinflammatory therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06618.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]],"date-time":"2012-07-28T07:23:01Z","timestamp":1343460181000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Polarization of host immune responses by helminth\u2010expressed glycans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1253","author":[{"given":"Smanla","family":"Tundup","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Harn, Jr.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00209-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2004.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02786447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(91)90007-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80017-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.5.3248"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01106-05"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(98)00133-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90264-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.398-407.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Glycans modulate immune responses in helminth infections and allergy","volume":"90","author":"van Die I.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. 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