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The enhanced inflammation and hypercortisolism that typically characterize stress\u2010related illnesses, such as depression, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, or osteoporosis, may also be related to increased glucocorticoid resistance. This review focuses on impaired GR function as a molecular mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to impaired GR function. The evidence that glucocorticoid resistance can be environmentally induced has important implications for management of stress\u2010related inflammatory illnesses and underscores the importance of prevention and management of chronic stress. The simultaneous assessment of neural, endocrine, and immune biomarkers through various noninvasive methods will also be discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06633.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]],"date-time":"2012-07-23T11:18:00Z","timestamp":1343042280000},"page":"55-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":656,"title":["Glucocorticoid regulation of inflammation and its functional correlates: from HPA axis to glucocorticoid receptor dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1261","author":[{"given":"Marni N.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-17-1-64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(96)00012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1810207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858404263494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.7.2374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(01)00004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70176-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20747"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000135620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000116774"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.064261"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000216190"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-008-0028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(05)70180-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","first-page":"338","article-title":"Neuroendocrine and immune contributors to fatigue","volume":"2","author":"Silverman M.N.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physical Med. 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