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This approach has enabled us to demonstrate antibodies to \u201cclustered\u201d AChRs in patients who were previously AChR antibody negative and can also be used to distinguish between adult and fetal AChR antibodies in mothers of babies with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. We summarize our recent evidence for the pathogenicity of MuSK and clustered AChR antibodies using <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> models. Cell\u2010based assays are now also being used for the detection of other antibodies, such as those directed to components of the VGKC\/CASPR2\/LGI1 complex in Morvan's syndrome, and to AQP4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica; both of these diseases can be associated with MG and sometimes thymoma. The cell\u2010based method is time consuming but has many advantages and may provide a gold standard for the future in the detection of pathogenic autoantibodies in patients with immune\u2010mediated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06789.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,18]],"date-time":"2012-12-18T19:02:49Z","timestamp":1355857369000},"page":"92-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antibodies identified by cell\u2010based assays in myasthenia gravis and associated diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1274","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Vincent","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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