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Using the photosensitizer Toluidine Blue O (TBO) at sublethal PDT conditions, a seven\u2010fold increase in bacterial HSP GroEL and a three\u2010fold increase in HSP DnaK were observed in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> post PDT. Pretreatment with 50\u00b0C heat for 30\u2003min reduced PDT killing in both <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and in <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>, with the most pronounced inhibition occurring at 50\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> TBO with 5\u2003J\u2003cm<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> 635\u2003nm light, where <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> killing was reduced by 2\u2003log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> killing was reduced by 4\u2003log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>. Finally, inhibition of the highly conserved chaperone DnaK using a small molecule benzylidene lactam HSP inhibitor potentiated (but not significantly) the effect of PDT at a TBO concentration of 2.5\u2003\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> in <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>; however, this effect was not observed in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> presumably because inhibitor could not gain access due to Gram\u2010negative permeability barrier. Induction of HSPs may be a mechanism whereby bacteria could become resistant to PDT and warrants the need for further study in the application of dual PDT\u2010HSP\u2010inhibition therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2011.00902.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,24]],"date-time":"2011-01-24T18:28:30Z","timestamp":1295893710000},"page":"707-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Analysis of the Bacterial Heat Shock Response to Photodynamic Therapy\u2010mediated Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Tyler G.","family":"St. Denis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianhong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903619106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70086-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa025025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcibr021776","article-title":"Biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, and airway infection","volume":"347","author":"Prince A. 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