{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T08:01:18Z","timestamp":1761292878194},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]],"date-time":"2012-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine if and how photoproducts contribute to the antitumor effect of merocyanine\u2010mediated PDT. A panel of barbituric, thiobarbituric and selenobarbituric acid analogues of Merocyanine 540 was photobleached, and the resulting photoproducts were characterized by absorption, fluorescence emission, mass, energy dispersive X\u2010ray, and X\u2010ray photoelectron spectroscopy and tested for cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and freshly explanted bone marrow cells. While all dyes were readily photobleached, only photoproducts of selone dyes showed cytotoxic activity. One\u2010hour incubations with micromolar concentrations of selone\u2010derived photoproducts were sufficient to reduce leukemia\/lymphoma cells \u226510\u2003000 fold, whereas preserving virtually all normal CD34\u2010positive bone marrow cells. Of six multidrug\u2010resistant tumor cell lines tested, five were as sensitive or more sensitive to photoproducts than the corresponding wild\u2010type lines. Physicochemical characterizations of the cytotoxic activity indicated that it consisted of conjugates of subnano particles of elemental selenium and (lipo)proteins. The discovery of cytotoxic Se\u2010protein conjugates provides a rare example of photoproducts contributing substantially to the antitumor effect of PDT and challenges the long\u2010held view that Se in oxidation state zero is biologically inert. Agents modeled after our Se\u2010protein conjugates may prove useful for the treatment of leukemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01078.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]],"date-time":"2012-01-03T05:38:46Z","timestamp":1325569126000},"page":"448-460","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Photochemically Generated Elemental Selenium Forms Conjugates with Serum Proteins That Are Preferentially Cytotoxic to Leukemia and Selected Solid Tumor Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Pierre","family":"Daziano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang H.H.","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Krieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Tsujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoko","family":"Miyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyn\u00e9e W.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Bula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fritz","family":"Sieber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10426509208045864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"Structure\u2010activity relationships in the antiviral and antileukemic photoproperties of merocyanine dyes","volume":"29","author":"G\u00fcnther W. 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