{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:15:35Z","timestamp":1784128535720,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]],"date-time":"2012-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Photochem &amp; Photobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle injuries represent <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic> 30% of sports injuries and excessive stretching of muscle causes more than 90% of injuries. Currently the most used treatments are nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s), however, in last years, low\u2010level laser therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLT<\/jats:styled-content>) is becoming an interesting therapeutic modality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and combined therapies (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLT<\/jats:styled-content>, topical application of diclofenac and intramuscular diclofenac) on functional and biochemical aspects in an experimental model of controlled muscle strain in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading tibialis anterior muscle of rats. Injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with topical or intramuscular diclofenac (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content>), or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLT<\/jats:styled-content> (3\u00a0J, 810\u00a0nm, 100\u00a0mW) 1\u00a0h after injury. Walking track analysis was the functional outcome and biochemical analyses included <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content> expression of COX\u20101 and COX\u20102 and blood levels of prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>). All treatments significantly decreased COX\u20101 and COX\u20102 gene expression compared with injury group (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05). However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLT<\/jats:styled-content> showed better effects than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ID<\/jats:styled-content> regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> levels and walking track analysis (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.05). We can conclude that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LLLT<\/jats:styled-content> has more efficacy than topical and intramuscular diclofenac in treatment of muscle strain injury in acute stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2012.01236.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,18]],"date-time":"2012-09-18T12:41:08Z","timestamp":1347972068000},"page":"508-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of Low\u2010Level Laser Therapy (<scp>LLLT<\/scp>) and Diclofenac (Topical and Intramuscular) as Single and Combined Therapy in Experimental Model of Controlled Muscle Strain in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo Leal","family":"de Paiva Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto Cesar Pinto","family":"Leal\u2010Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Scences Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"},{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carla","family":"Petrellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Labat","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Scences Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) S\u00e3o Paulo SP 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