{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:45:39Z","timestamp":1787237139702,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]],"date-time":"2012-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Clinical Hypertension"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 2012;14:158\u2013164. \u00a92012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of hypertension in the United States has grown dramatically in recent years. Thiazide diuretics have played a major role in the rising rate of blood pressure (BP) control. Accompanying this has been the appearance of adverse drug events, including hospitalizations associated with thiazide\u2010associated hyponatremia (HTAH). Hyponatremia is a common yet often overlooked side effect of this drug class. Identification of HTAH risk factors may aid in creating strategies to prevent hospitalizations. This is a retrospective, case\u2010controlled study of 10,805 patients (1802 cases, 9003 controls) examining HTAH risk factors within a group\u2010model integrated\u2010care organization. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58\u20131.93), angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor use (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16\u20132.00), and hypokalemia (OR, 40.94; 95% CI, 26.46\u201366.33) were most associated with HTAH. Urinary tract infection (UTI), type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were also found to be HTAH risk factors. Potassium supplements (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.44\u20130.83) and weight (OR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.88\u20130.93) had protective effects. A predictive model was developed to determine overall HTAH risk given the presence of individual risk factors. Age, weight, hypokalemia, GERD, type 2 diabetes, UTI, and ACE inhibitor use independently correlated with an increased risk of HTAH. This model may be applied in clinical practice to guide thiazide prescribing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00575.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,5]],"date-time":"2012-01-05T03:19:19Z","timestamp":1325733559000},"page":"158-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluations of Hospitalizations Associated With Thiazide\u2010Associated Hyponatremia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Divaker","family":"Rastogi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell A.","family":"Pelter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Deamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17741-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000252676.46043.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.23.2981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460240051027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","unstructured":"StewartP.Physiology of the kidney World Anaesthesia Online Issue 9 (1998). 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