{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:40:34Z","timestamp":1765485634135},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis is predominantly caused by two closely related species of protozoan parasites the zoonotic <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> and anthroponotic <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ryptosporidium hominis<\/jats:italic> which diverge phenotypically in respect to host range and virulence. Using comparative genomics we identified two genes displaying overt heterogeneity between species. Although initial work suggested both were species specific, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> for <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0parvum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Chos\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> for <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0hominis<\/jats:italic>, subsequent study identified an abridged ortholog of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0hominis<\/jats:italic>. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Chos\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> showed limited, but significant, similarity to each other and share common features: (i) telomeric location: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> is the last gene on chromosome 2, whilst <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Chos\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> is the first gene on chromosome 5, (ii) encode circa 50\u2010kDa secreted proteins with isoelectric points above 10, (iii) are serine rich, and (iv) contain internal nucleotide repeats. Importantly, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> sequence contains specific <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNP<\/jats:styled-content>s with good discriminatory power useful epidemiologically. <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0parvum<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected patient sera recognized a 50\u2010kDa protein in antigen preparations of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0parvum<\/jats:italic> but not <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0hominis<\/jats:italic>, consistent with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> being antigenic for patients. Interestingly, anti\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Cops\u20101<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> monoclonal antibody (9<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>1) stained oocyst content and sporozoite surface of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0parvum<\/jats:italic> only. This study provides a new example of protozoan telomeres as rapidly evolving contingency loci encoding putative virulence factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2012.00277.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T09:55:23Z","timestamp":1339667723000},"page":"207-217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A new heterogeneous family of telomerically encoded <i><scp>C<\/scp>ryptosporidium<\/i> proteins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Maha","family":"Bouzid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science Centre for Digestive Diseases London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Elwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Cryptosporidium Reference Unit Public Health Wales Microbiology Singleton Hospital Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Cryptosporidium Reference Unit Public Health Wales Microbiology Singleton Hospital Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00247-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01197.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2005.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991132"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"pii","article-title":"Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003","volume":"14","author":"Chalmers R. 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