{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T16:40:19Z","timestamp":1792687219049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,1]],"date-time":"2007-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1170288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hepatology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Aim:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Transmucosal passage of bacteria across the intestine, the essential step for bacterial translocation, has been identified as a key event in the pathogenesis of life\u2010threatening infections in cirrhosis. Existing animal models of liver cirrhosis only provide indirect information about the pathogenesis of such infections. The aim of this study has been to assess transmucosal passage and bacterial translocation directly <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> using a rat model of developing liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to two groups: controls and animals with developing liver cirrhosis induced by s.c. injection of carbon tetrachloride. In anesthetized animals a suspension of green fluorescent protein (GFP)\u2010tagged <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was administered into the terminal ileum. Time intervals necessary for translocation of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> into the mucosa and muscularis were assessed by intravital microscopy and translocation of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in mesentery, liver and spleen was determined microbiologically.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Bacterial kinetics at the level of the mucosa and muscularis showed significant enhancement in cirrhotic rats compared to the controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). GFP\u2010expressing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were detected in the mesentery, liver and spleen of animals with cirrhosis taken one hour after <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> administration. However, cultures of control animals remained sterile.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Intravital microscopy of fluorescent bacteria represents a novel approach to studying bacterial translocation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Here we report that this technique can be used to visualize bacterial transit in <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and gives further support to the transmucosal passage of bacteria across the intestine correlating with bacterial translocation in CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010induced liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034x.2007.00004.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,15]],"date-time":"2010-09-15T13:23:37Z","timestamp":1284557017000},"page":"6-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Intestinal barrier dysfunction in developing liver cirrhosis: An in vivo analysis of bacterial translocation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Mihaljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"Hasenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Koeppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.23.2.403-411.1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31995-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80474-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.5.958"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4143-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1999.276.1.G37"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199401000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31656"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00265-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)88906-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400022464"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00422722"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-199802000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JBCPP.2000.11.2.143"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000008737"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010786701289"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(94)90074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","volume-title":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. Commission on Life Sciences","author":"Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200208000-00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8303295"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Bacterial translocation","volume":"173","author":"Edmiston CE","year":"1991","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/157.5.1032"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00617-8","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"21","author":"Garcia\u2010Tsao G.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroent Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750023958"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.10.4939-4942.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","first-page":"2661","article-title":"Where is the site of bacterial translocation \u2013 small or large bowel?","volume":"28","author":"Koh IH","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","first-page":"632","article-title":"Development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in an experimental model in cirrhotic rats. Relationship with intestinal bacterial translocation","volume":"87","author":"Martin L","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2001.02444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528709078594"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.5.623"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80201-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510310109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170513"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280504"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5746"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510300214"}],"container-title":["Hepatology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1872-034X.2007.00004.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00004.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T20:49:53Z","timestamp":1697316593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00004.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00004.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1872-034x.2007.00004.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-6346","1872-034X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-6346","type":"print"},{"value":"1872-034X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}