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Understanding HBV disease must include up\u2010to\u2010date information concerning virology, immunology, animal models, natural history, prevalence, and transmission risk, as well as an understanding of the evolving therapies for this life\u2010threatening infection. Serious outcomes such as advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma from hepatitis B infection appear to be closely tied to both historical and current serum levels of HBV DNA, and elevated serum levels of liver enzymes. Decreasing risk events and vaccinating susceptible individuals are key steps in managing this global scourge. New oral treatments for patients withchronic hepatitis B infection characterized by more potent antiviral effects, less toxicity, and minimal or no risk of resistance were reviewed and emphasized. Entecavir and pegylated interferons have recently been approved for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Further expansion of our information about lamivudine and adefovir were highlighted. Several other new anti\u2010HBV agents are also in phase II or III clinical trials or have been submitted for licensing including LdT (telbivudine). 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