{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:10:49Z","timestamp":1787508649910,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]],"date-time":"2008-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1214870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a common cause of epistaxis in dogs residing in endemic areas. The pathogenesis of CanL-associated epistaxis has not been fully explored because of the limited number of cases reported so far.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epistaxis in CanL could be attributed to more than 1 pathomechanism such as hemostatic dysfunction, biochemical abnormalities, chronic rhinitis, and coinfections occurring in various combinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-one dogs with natural CanL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The allocation of 51 dogs in this cross-sectional study was based on the presence (n = 24) or absence (n = 27) of epistaxis. The potential associations among epistaxis and concurrent infections (Ehrlichia canis, Bartonella spp., and Aspergillus spp.), biochemical and hemostatic abnormalities, and nasal histopathology were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypergammaglobulinemia (P= .044), increased serum viscosity (P= .038), decreased platelet aggregation response to collagen (P= .042), and nasal mucosa ulceration (P= .039) were more common in the dogs with epistaxis than in those without epistaxis. The other significant differences between the 2 groups involved total serum protein (P= .029) and \u03b3-globulin (P= .013) concentrations, which were higher, and the percentage platelet aggregation to collagen, which was lower (P= .012) in the epistaxis dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CanL-associated epistaxis appears to be the result of multiple and variable pathogenetic factors such as thrombocytopathy, hyperglobulinemia-induced serum hyperviscosity, and nasal mucosa ulceration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0129.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,22]],"date-time":"2009-01-22T11:12:46Z","timestamp":1232622766000},"page":"866-872","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Epistaxis in Natural Canine Leishmaniasis (\n                    <i>Leishmania infantum<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"T.A.","family":"Petanides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) Companion Animal Clinic, , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.F.","family":"Koutinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) Companion Animal Clinic, , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) Companion Animal Clinic, , Thessaloniki,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and 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