{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:24:16Z","timestamp":1790029456194,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypohydration causes transient echocardiographic changes in pigs, dogs, humans, and cats. These changes mask the diagnosis of some cardiac diseases (valvular regurgitation, dilated cardiomyopathy) and promote the diagnosis of others (hypertropic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative disease), thus inhibiting accurate echocardiographic evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the echocardiographic changes associated with hypohydration in normal horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten adult horses without detectable cardiac disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental study. Echocardiographic examinations were performed on horses in the euhydrated and hypohydrated states. Horses were hypohydrated by combined water deprivation and furosemide administration until a 4\u20137% reduction in bodyweight was achieved. Statistical analyses were performed by paired t-tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypohydration decreased left ventricular internal diameter in systole (0.8 \u00b1 0.6\u2003cm) and diastole (1.7 \u00b1 0.9\u2003cm), left atrial diameter (1.5 \u00b1 0.4\u2003cm) and left ventricular volume (490 \u00b1 251\u2003mL) (P-values &amp;lt; .01), and increased septal wall thickness in diastole (0.6 \u00b1 0.3\u2003cm), free wall thickness in diastole (0.5 \u00b1 0.3\u2003cm), mean wall thickness (0.5 \u00b1 0.2\u2003cm) and relative wall thickness (0.2 \u00b1 0.1\u2003cm) (P-values &amp;lt; .01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypohydration produces changes in left ventricular and atrial size that could mask or promote the severity of cardiac disease. The thickened, \u201cpseudohypertrophied\u201d appearance of the left ventricle in hypohydrated horses could affect interpretation of echocardiographic variables that are applied to the prediction of athletic performance. Echocardiography may prove a noninvasive method of monitoring volume status and response to fluid therapy in hypovolemic horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0612.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,12]],"date-time":"2010-10-12T18:57:42Z","timestamp":1286909862000},"page":"563-569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Echocardiographic Changes in Heart Size in Hypohydrated Horses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"C.","family":"Underwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.D.","family":"Nolen-Walston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.L.","family":"Dallap-Schaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Boston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Slack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania Department of Clinical Studies, , Kennett Square, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303445556600_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.44.6.668","article-title":"Correlation between changes in systolic time intervals and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter after preload reduction. Non-invasive monitoring of pharmacological intervention","volume":"44","author":"Buch","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(97)80009-0","article-title":"Echocardiographic left ventricular remodeling and pseudohypertrophy as markers of hypovolemia. An experimental study on bleeding and volume repletion","volume":"10","author":"Di Segni","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00795619","article-title":"Volume-dependent echocardiographic parameters are not useful for estimating baseline blood volume but are useful for detecting acute changes in vascular filling state","volume":"89","author":"Duvekot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03057.x","article-title":"The effect of hydration status on the echocardiographic measurements of normal cats","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0448.x","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of hemodynamic changes produced by two methods of inducing fluid volume deficit in dogs","volume":"24","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/7.5.425","article-title":"Assessment of echocardiographic left ventricular mass before and after acute volume depletion","volume":"7","author":"Prisant","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.06.904","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of equine aortic insufficiency","volume":"48","author":"Reef","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04084.x","article-title":"Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: Clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings","volume":"30","author":"Reef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X330428","article-title":"Long-term assessment of horses and ponies post exposure to monensin sodium in commercial feed","volume":"41","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.554","article-title":"Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992\u20131996)","volume":"216","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1881","article-title":"Changes over time in echocardiographic measurements in young Standardbred racehorses undergoing training and racing and association with racing performance","volume":"226","author":"Buhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01319.2004","article-title":"Left ventricular size and systolic function in Thoroughbred racehorses and their relationships to race performance","volume":"99","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020303445556600_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05209.x","article-title":"Relationship between running speed, isoenzymes of serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase and left ventricular function in stallions","volume":"30","author":"Rueca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020303445556600_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05217.x","article-title":"Cardiac responses to training in 2-year-old Thoroughbreds: An echocardiographic study","volume":"30","author":"Young","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b15","first-page":"249","article-title":"Echocardiographic measurement of fluid responsiveness","volume":"12","author":"Charron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199408000-00016","article-title":"Echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular preload in patients with normal and abnormal ventricular function","volume":"81","author":"Cheung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198711000-00003","article-title":"A comparison of hemodynamic indices derived by invasive monitoring and two-dimensional echocardiography","volume":"67","author":"Thys","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199307000-00004","article-title":"Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of cardiac preload changes induced by transfusion and phlebotomy in pediatric patients","volume":"79","author":"Reich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(95)90047-0","article-title":"Gender differences in dehydration-induced mitral valve prolapse","volume":"129","author":"Aufderheide","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02820.x","article-title":"Standardised imaging technique for guided M-mode and Doppler echocardiography in the horse","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.7.735","article-title":"Methods and reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size and mechanical function in horses","volume":"68","author":"Schwarzwald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b22","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Manual of Veterinary Echocardiography","author":"Boon","year":"1998","edition":"1st ed"},{"issue":"E2","key":"2026020303445556600_b23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiac effects of a competitive road race in trained child runners","volume":"100","author":"Rowland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b24","first-page":"335","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronically hypertensive ponies","volume":"37","author":"Rugh","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020303445556600_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04992.x","article-title":"Heart murmurs in horses: Determining their significance with echocardiography","volume":"19","author":"Reef","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.041","article-title":"Chronic atrial dilatation, electrical remodeling, and atrial fibrillation in the goat","volume":"47","author":"Neuberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04084.x","article-title":"Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: Clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings","volume":"30","author":"Reef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000047319","article-title":"Assessment of pseudohypertrophy as a measure of left-ventricular compression in patients with cardiac tamponade","volume":"94","author":"Feinberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04086.x","article-title":"Sources and magnitude of variation of echocardiographic measurements in normal Standardbred horses","volume":"45","author":"Buhl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00020","article-title":"Language guiding therapy: The case of dehydration versus volume depletion","volume":"127","author":"Mange","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X297462","article-title":"Validity of indicators of dehydration in working horses: A longitudinal study of changes in skin tent duration, mucous membrane dryness and drinking behavior","volume":"40","author":"Pritchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303445556600_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2007.10719661","article-title":"Assessing hydration status: The elusive gold standard","volume":"26","author":"Armstrong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2010.0612.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/563\/66681948\/j.1939-1676.2010.0612.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/3\/563\/66681948\/j.1939-1676.2010.0612.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:45:29Z","timestamp":1770108329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/25\/3\/563\/8451271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0612.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}}}