{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T21:11:26Z","timestamp":1783977086197,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of lower respiratory disease requires collection of airway samples to confirm the etiology of disease. Bronchoscopic evaluation is commonly performed in dogs but less information is available in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence and number of bronchoscopic abnormalities visualized during bronchoscopic evaluation of cats with lower respiratory disease will correlate with the type of disease and total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-eight cats prospectively evaluated by a single bronchoscopist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchoscopy was performed during clinical evaluation of cats presenting with cough, respiratory distress, or both. Cats were evaluated for airway hyperemia, stenosis, or collapse, mucus accumulation, bronchiectasis, and epithelial irregularities. Cats were placed into groups of bronchitis\/\u201casthma,\u201d pneumonia, or neoplasia based on BAL findings, histopathology, and response to appropriate medical therapy. Summation of bronchial abnormalities and total and differential cell counts were compared among groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endobronchial abnormalities were common in cats with feline bronchitis\/asthma, pneumonia, and neoplasia and no differentiating features were found. Excessive mucus accumulation was common (83%), followed by stenosis of bronchial openings and nodular epithelial irregularities (56%), airway hyperemia (54%), airway collapse (48%), and bronchiectasis (27%). Total bronchoscopic score and total cell count did not differ among groups, although differential cell counts were significantly different. A weak correlation (R2= 0.16, P= .006) between age and total bronchoscopic score was noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bronchoscopic abnormalities are common in cats with lower respiratory tract disease, and visualization of the airways provides additional nonspecific clinical information in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00688.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T06:14:42Z","timestamp":1298009682000},"page":"236-243","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Bronchoscopic Findings in 48 Cats with Spontaneous Lower Respiratory Tract Disease (2002\u20132009)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"L.R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Vernau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Department of Pathology, , Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303423104400_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02677.x","article-title":"Bronchodilators in bronchoscopy-induced airflow limitation in allergen-sensitized cats","volume":"19","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02952.x","article-title":"Flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in 68 cats: (2001\u20132006)","volume":"21","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.12.001","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of feline bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and microbiology (1995\u20132000)","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1990.tb03120.x","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in the evaluation of pulmonary disease in the dog and cat. State of the art","volume":"4","author":"Hawkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.06.795","article-title":"Cytologic characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected through an endotracheal tube in cats","volume":"55","author":"Hawkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1159\/000080654","article-title":"An experimental model of allergic asthma in cats sensitized to house dust mite or Bermuda grass allergen","volume":"135","author":"Norris Reinero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.11.006","article-title":"Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: 21 cases (1995\u20132000)","volume":"6","author":"Foster","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.11.001","article-title":"Using urea dilution to standardise cellular and non-cellular components of pleural and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids in the cat","volume":"8","author":"Mills","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1990.tb00892.x","article-title":"Canine chronic bronchitis. A pathophysiologic evaluation of 18 cases","volume":"4","author":"Padrid","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01168.x","article-title":"Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy in Dogs","volume":"14","author":"Clercx","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.7.835","article-title":"Bronchial abnormalities found in a consecutive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs","volume":"235","author":"De Lorenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0451.x","article-title":"Tracheal collapse and bronchomalacia in dogs: 58 cases (7\/2001\u20131\/2008)","volume":"24","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.12.2649","article-title":"Systematic identification of endobonchial anatomy during bronchoscopy in the dog","volume":"47","author":"Amis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.08.1300","article-title":"Cytologic, microbiologic, and biochemical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from 24 healthy cats","volume":"52","author":"Padrid","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1982.tb00691.x","article-title":"A retrospective of 20 surgically managed cases of collapsed trachea","volume":"11","author":"Tangner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.1.7812551","article-title":"Persistent airway hyperresponsiveness and histologic alterations after chronic antigen challenge in cats","volume":"151","author":"Padrid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb02272.x","article-title":"Quantitative bacterial cultures and cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens in dogs","volume":"14","author":"Peeters","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.10.1418","article-title":"Cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from 47 dogs with multicentric malignant lymphoma","volume":"203","author":"Hawkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03298.x","article-title":"Cytological analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the diagnosis of spontaneous respiratory tract disease in dogs: A retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Hawkins","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1456","article-title":"Comparison of results of thoracic radiography, cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and histologic evaluation of lung specimens in dogs with respiratory tract disease: 16 cases (1996\u20132000)","volume":"218","author":"Norris","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5326\/0380337","article-title":"Thoracic radiography, bronchoalveolar lavage cytopathology, and pulmonary parenchymal histopathology: A comparison of diagnostic results in 11 cats","volume":"38","author":"Norris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991526","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage in malignancy","volume":"28","author":"Poletti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20577","article-title":"Comparative analysis of various cytohistological techniques in diagnosis of lung diseases","volume":"35","author":"Garg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.11.004","article-title":"Functional, inflammatory and morphological characterisation of a cat model of allergic airway inflammation","volume":"174","author":"Kirschvink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b25","article-title":"Influence of age on bronchoscopic findings in healthy beagle dogs","volume-title":"Vet J","author":"Mercier","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026020303423104400_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044864525","article-title":"Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: Observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume","volume":"36","author":"Gerber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2011.00688.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/236\/66681904\/j.1939-1676.2011.00688.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/236\/66681904\/j.1939-1676.2011.00688.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:42:43Z","timestamp":1770108163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/25\/2\/236\/8451261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00688.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}}}