{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1771469817870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metronomic chemotherapy with alkylating agents has been shown to suppress tumor angiogenesis and prevent tumor recurrence in some settings. The use of adjuvant lomustine (1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea) administered in a metronomic fashion has not been evaluated in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral metronomic administration of lomustine will be well tolerated in dogs with spontaneously occurring malignant neoplasms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty-one dogs with naturally occurring primary or metastatic tumors received metronomic administration of lomustine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs were enrolled prospectively after cytological or histological diagnosis of a tumor that was unresectable, incompletely resected, refractory to chemotherapy, or metastatic. Dogs received once daily lomustine (2.84\u2003mg\/m2 PO). End points of the trial were clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of toxicosis, tumor progression, or death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Starting dosage (median) was 2.84\u2003mg\/m2 PO daily and treatment duration was 98 days (median, range, 1\u2013770 days). The drug was discontinued in 22 dogs because of toxicoses. Toxicoses occurred in 13 dogs with gastrointestinal toxicosis, 4 dogs with thrombocytopenia, 3 dogs with increased alanine transaminase, 1 dog with neutropenia, and 1 dog with progressive azotemia. Eight dogs developed some degree of azotemia during treatment. Hepatotoxicosis was observed at a median of 265 days in 11 dogs. Thrombocytopenia was identified at a median of 432 days of administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In dogs with metastatic or terminal neoplasms without renal compromise, metronomic administration of lomustine was well tolerated. This can provide a treatment strategy for dogs that do not have other standard-care treatment options, and warrants evaluation in primary therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0684.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T06:15:18Z","timestamp":1298009718000},"page":"278-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Tolerability of Metronomic Administration of Lomustine in Dogs with Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"C.D.","family":"Tripp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Pullman, WA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Fidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Pullman, 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