{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:59:08Z","timestamp":1793444348038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in cats with idiopathic cystitis (FIC) has not been investigated by contemporary molecular biologic methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of and evaluate risk factors for FCV viruria, oral carriage, and virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies in cats with and without FIC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cats with nonobstructive FIC (n = 47), obstructive FIC (n = 22), and FCV upper respiratory tract infection (URI; n = 25), and healthy client-owned (n = 18) and colony-housed (n = 24) cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oropharyngeal secretions and urine were evaluated with a FCV p30 gene-based real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Serum VN antibody titers were determined by a modified microtiter assay. Associations of risk factors with log-transformed antibody titers were determined by multivariable generalized linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FCV viruria was detected in 4 (6%) and 3 (12%) cats with FIC and URI, respectively. In 3 FIC cats, viruria was unassociated with detectable oral virus carriage. Oral FCV carriage was detected in 7 (10%) FIC cats. Median antibody titers were significantly higher in cats with obstructive FIC (1\u2003:\u2003256), nonobstructive FIC (1\u2003:\u2003128), and URI (1\u2003:\u2003512) compared with healthy client-owned (1\u2003:\u200316) and colony-housed (1\u2003:\u20034) cats (P &amp;lt; .001). Other than disease, multivariate analysis did not identify any other explanatory variables for increased titers in cats with FIC or URI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FCV viruria was detected in cats with FIC and URI, however, its etiologic significance is uncertain. Serologic results suggest increased FCV exposure in FIC cats compared with controls. Further investigations are needed to clarify the potential role of FCV in FIC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0685.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,18]],"date-time":"2011-02-18T06:15:57Z","timestamp":1298009757000},"page":"199-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nested Case-Control Study of Feline Calicivirus Viruria, Oral Carriage, and Serum Neutralizing Antibodies in Cats with Idiopathic Cystitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Larson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Animal Emergency and Treatment Center, 3927 W Belmont , Chicago, IL 60618"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.G.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.B.","family":"Kaneene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.D.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary Medicine, , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kiupel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic InvestigationCollege of Veterinary Medicine, , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.K.","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsCollege of Veterinary Medicine, , East Lansing, MI"},{"name":"Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital , East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303420418500_b1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Feline idiopathic lower urinary tract disease: Part I. Clinical manifestations","volume":"21","author":"Kalkstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Prac Vet"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.008","article-title":"Changing paradigms of feline idiopathic cystitis","volume":"31","author":"Kruger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b3","first-page":"164","article-title":"Urethral obstruction in male cats: Transmission studies","volume":"33","author":"Rich","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b4","first-page":"542","article-title":"Virus induced urolithiasis in male cats","volume":"61","author":"Rich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(96)50208-1","article-title":"Viral urinary tract infections","volume":"26","author":"Kruger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb02372.x","article-title":"Genetic characterization of 2 novel feline caliciviruses isolated from cats with idiopathic lower urinary tract disease","volume":"16","author":"Rice","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b7","first-page":"175","article-title":"Causation and disease: The Henle-Koch postulates revisited","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"1976","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b8","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Chapter 2 in Veterinary Virology","author":"Fenner","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b9","first-page":"387","article-title":"Feline idiopathic lower urinary tract disease: Part III. Diagnostic considerations","volume":"21","author":"Kalkstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Prac Vet"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02148-07","article-title":"Use of murine norovirus as a surrogate to evaluate resistance of human norovirus to disinfectants","volume":"74","author":"Belliot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.915","article-title":"In vitro comparison of RNA preparation methods for detection of feline calicivirus in urine of cats by use of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"66","author":"Scansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Research"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b12","first-page":"135","article-title":"Evaluation of a p30 gene-based real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of feline calicivirus","volume":"18","author":"Scansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.11.5.877-885.1975","article-title":"Cross protection among feline caliciviruses","volume":"11","author":"Povey","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352009000300033","article-title":"Serum survey for antibodies to coronavirus, herpesvirus, calicivirus, and parvovirus in domestic cats from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"61","author":"Johann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.61","article-title":"Duration of serologic response to three viral antigens in cats","volume":"224","author":"Mouzin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b16","first-page":"12","article-title":"Duration of immunity in cats vaccinated with an inactivated feline panleukopenia, herpesvirus, and calicivirus vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fel Prac"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1987.tb00445.x","article-title":"Antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to feline calicivirus following inactivated vaccine and challenge","volume":"34","author":"Tham","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33214-4","article-title":"The clinical disease and patterns of excretion associated with three different strains of feline calicivirus","volume":"23","author":"Wardley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.41-3-257","article-title":"Pathologic, immunohistochemical, and electronmicroscopic findings in naturally occurring virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection in cats","volume":"41","author":"Pesavento","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Path"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.09.017","article-title":"A novel nested PCR for the diagnosis of calicivirus infections in the cat","volume":"105","author":"Marsilio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050378","article-title":"Detection and strain differentiation of feline calicivirus in conjunctival swabs by RT-PCR of the hypervariable region of the capsid protein gene","volume":"143","author":"Sykes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.011","article-title":"Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay to detect a broad range of feline calicivirus isolates","volume":"133","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.2055-2061.2003","article-title":"Applications of competitor RNA in diagnostic reverse transcription-PCR","volume":"41","author":"Kleiboeker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1971.32.04.521","article-title":"Feline viruses: Pathogenesis of picornavirus infection in the cat","volume":"32","author":"Kahn","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.92.9.224","article-title":"Feline picornavirus infection; the in vivo carrier state","volume":"92","author":"Povey","year":"1973","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104.4.65","article-title":"Diseases produced by feline caliciviruses when administered to cats by aerosol or intranasal instillation","volume":"104","author":"Ormerod","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.11.5.1003-1009.1975","article-title":"Induction of immunity to feline caliciviral disease","volume":"11","author":"Kahn","year":"1975","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00101-F","article-title":"Mechanisms of persistence of acute and chronic feline calicivirus infections in the face of vaccination","volume":"47","author":"Pedersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(74)90065-6","article-title":"Experimental infections with feline caliciviruses (picornaviruses) in specific-pathogen-free kittens","volume":"84","author":"Povey","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Comp Path"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01348021","article-title":"Feline calicivirus carrier state: A study of the host\/virus relationship","volume":"52","author":"Wardley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1980.177.04.347","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated vaccine for the prevention of rhinotracheitis, caliciviral disease, and panleukopenia in cats","volume":"177","author":"Povey","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1982.tb01196.x","article-title":"Respiratory infections of the cat: A serological survey in different populations","volume":"29","author":"Lazorowicz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Zbl Vet Med B"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32431-7","article-title":"Efficacy of an inactivated feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccine against challenge with United Kingdom field strains and its interaction with the FCV carrier state","volume":"32","author":"Gaskell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800052468","article-title":"Parasite prevalence in free-ranging farm cats, Felis sylvestris catus","volume":"116","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13608","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01509-07","article-title":"Identification or regions and residues in feline junctional adhesion molecule required for feline calicivirus binding and infection","volume":"81","author":"Ossiboff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82158-0","article-title":"\u03b12,6-Linked sialic acid acts as a receptor for feline calicivirus","volume":"88","author":"Stuart","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.10.145","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming: A possible etiologic factor in bladder pain syndrome\/interstitial cystitis","volume":"181","author":"Elgavish","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.1.80-94.2006","article-title":"Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: Infections and autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Fuginami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Micro Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303420418500_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)80329-X","article-title":"Interstitial cystitis: A critique of current concepts with a new proposal for pathologic diagnosis and pathogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Elbadawi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F242","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00307.2001","article-title":"Bladder permeability barrier: Recovery from selective injury of the surface epithelial cells","volume":"283","author":"Lavelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303420418500_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.08.1109","article-title":"The mast cell in interstitial cystitis: Role in pathophysiology and pathogenesis","volume":"69","author":"Sant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2026020303420418500_b42","first-page":"1828","volume-title":"Feline lower urinary tract diseases","author":"Westropp","year":"2005","edition":"6th ed"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1939-1676.2011.0685.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/199\/66681820\/j.1939-1676.2011.0685.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/25\/2\/199\/66681820\/j.1939-1676.2011.0685.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:42:13Z","timestamp":1770108133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/25\/2\/199\/8451239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0685.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]]}}}