{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T13:34:51Z","timestamp":1793972091896,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005361","name":"ACVIM Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac abnormalities are reported in rattlesnake-bitten horses. The prevalence and cause are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To detect cardiac damage in rattlesnake-bitten horses by measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and evaluating ECG recordings for presence of arrhythmias, and explore causes of this cardiac damage by measuring venom excretion, anti-venom antibodies, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u03b1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 20 adult horses with a clinical diagnosis of rattlesnake bite and 6 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a prospective clinical study, bite site swabs, blood samples, and urine samples were collected at various time points from 20 horses with a clinical diagnosis of snake bite. Continuous ECG recordings were obtained on the 20 affected horses and 6 normal control horses using 24-hour holter monitors. Plasma samples were assayed for cTnI, serum samples were assayed for TNF\u03b1 and anti-venom antibodies, and bite site swabs and urine were assayed for venom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty percent of rattlesnake-bitten horses (8\/20) experienced myocardial damage (increased cTnI). Seventy percent (14\/20) experienced a cardiac arrhythmia. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and TNF\u03b1 (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.02). Horses with cTnI \u22652\u00a0ng\/mL were more likely to have antibody titers &amp;gt;5,000 (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a0.05). No correlations were found between venom concentration and cTnI, anti-venom antibody titers, TNF\u03b1, or presence of arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cardiac abnormalities in this population of horses indicate that cardiac damage after rattlesnake bite is common. Rattlesnake-bitten horses should be monitored for signs of cardiac damage and dysfunction. Long-term follow-up should be encouraged to detect delayed cardiac dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01022.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T04:06:37Z","timestamp":1351742797000},"page":"1457-1463","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"L.L.","family":"Gilliam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.C.","family":"Holbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Health Sciences Department of Veterinary Clinical 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