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We have investigated the potential synergistic virulence of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic> using a murine experimental model of periodontitis. An inoculation regime of four intra\u2010oral doses of 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> cells induced significant periodontal bone loss compared with loss in sham\u2010inoculated mice, whereas doses of 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> cells or lower did not induce bone loss. Inoculation with <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic> with up to eight doses of 1\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> cells failed to induce bone loss in this model. However, four doses of a co\u2010inoculum of a 1\u2003:\u20031 ratio of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic> at 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> or 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> total bacterial cells induced the same level of bone loss as four doses of 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> cells. Co\u2010inoculation induced strong <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific T\u2010cell proliferative and interferon\u2010\u03b3\u2010dominant cytokine responses, and induced a strong <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific interferon\u2010\u03b3 dominant cytokine response. Only at the higher co\u2010inoculum dose of 1\u2003\u00d7\u200310<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup> total cells was a <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic>\u2010specific T\u2010cell proliferative response observed. These data show that <jats:italic>P.\u00a0gingivalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>T.\u00a0denticola<\/jats:italic> act synergistically to stimulate the host immune response and to induce alveolar bone loss in a murine experimental periodontitis model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1014.2011.00612.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,3]],"date-time":"2011-05-03T02:45:11Z","timestamp":1304390711000},"page":"229-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Synergistic virulence of <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i> and <i>Treponema denticola<\/i> in a murine periodontitis 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