{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:02:06Z","timestamp":1794276126971,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n Imidocarb dipropionate is the drug of choice for equine piroplasmosis but its administration causes severe colic and diarrhoea. An imidocarb protocol that reduces these effects is needed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n 1) Quantification of the effects of imidocarb dipropionate on equine orocaecal transit time (\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), with and without atropine or glycopyrrolate premedication and 2) investigation of an improved pretreatment regimen for imidocarb administration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n \n Treatment with imidocarb dipropionate will result in colic and reduced\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n as demonstrated by the lactose\n \n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010ureide breath test which will be ameliorated by premedication with either atropine or glycopyrrolate.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The effects of 3 drug therapies on\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n were compared in 6 healthy horses in a randomised double\u2010blind study vs. a saline control: 1) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4\u2009mg\/kg bwt administered intramuscularly (i.m.) with saline administered intravenously (i.v.; imidocarb\/saline); 2) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4\u2009mg\/kg bwt administered i.m. with atropine 0.035\u2009mg\/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb\/atropine) and 3) imidocarb dipropionate 2.4\u2009mg\/kg bwt administered i.m. with glycopyrrolate 0.0025\u2009mg\/kg bwt administered i.v. (imidocarb\/glycopyrrolate). The lactose\n \n 13<\/jats:sup>\n C\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010ureide breath test was used to measure\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n in each case and significance of treatment effect determined by a linear model analysis of variance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Imidocarb\/atropine treatment caused an increase in\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <0.05) whereas imidocarb\/saline produced a nonsignificant decrease in\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Imidocarb\/saline caused colic and diarrhoea in 4 of 6 horses, which were not seen in any of the horses treated with imidocarb\/atropine or imidocarb\/glycopyrrolate or administered the saline control. Intestinal borborygmi were increased in imidocarb\/saline and decreased in imidocarb\/atropine treated horses, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Imidocarb\/saline treatment induced colic signs and a potential reduction in\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n while imidocarb\/atropine treatment increased\n OCTT<\/jats:styled-content>\n significantly when compared with imidocarb\/saline. Both atropine and glycopyrrolate premedication ameliorated the clinical gastrointestinal effects of imidocarb but atropine produced significant inhibition of gastric and\/or small intestinal motility not detected with glycopyrrolate. Premedication with glycopyrrolate is recommended when using imidocarb for treatment of equine piroplasmosis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T18:33:25Z","timestamp":1354041205000},"page":"62-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Equine piroplasmosis treatment protocols: Specific effect on orocaecal transit time as measured by the lactose\n \n 13<\/sup>\n C\n <\/scp>\n \u2010ureide breath test"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Kutscha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ardene House Veterinary Practice Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. G. M.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre East Kilbride Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Centre Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort RSA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Livestock","author":"Waal D.T.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.5.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865\u20101682.2011.01244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.01.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Donnellan C. Page P. Nurton P. van denBerg J.S.andGuthrie A.(2003)Piroplasmosis \u2010 current trends. In:Conference Proceedings of the Equine Practitioners Group of South Africa pp 86\u201087."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32521-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1996.tb01647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Donnellan C.(2006)Effect of atropine and glycopyrrolate in ameliorating the clinical signs associated with the inhibition of cholinesterase activity by imidocarb dipropionate in horses. MMedVet Thesis University of Pretoria Pretoria."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1451","article-title":"Validation of the lactose\u2010[13C]ureide breath test for determination of orocaecal transit time by scintigraphy","volume":"40","author":"Geypens B.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.11.2375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31175-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.11.1667","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary measurements in nonanesthetized, resting normal ponies","volume":"36","author":"Orr J.A.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"824","article-title":"Combined 13C\u2010glycine\/ 14C\u2010octanoic acid breath test to monitor gastric emptying rates of liquids and solids","volume":"35","author":"Maes B.D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"Geypens B.(2000)Use of Lactose Ureide Labelled with Stable Isotopes in the Study of Small Intestinal Transit and Colonic Metabolism. PhD Thesis Leuven University Leuven 1\u2010110."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.12.1762","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary and gastrointestinal motility effects of xylazine\/ketamine\u2010induced anesthesia in horses previously treated with glycopyrrolate","volume":"57","author":"Singh S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.93.3.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1976.37.07.811","article-title":"Clinical, histologic, and histochemical study of imidocarb dipropionate toxicosis in goats","volume":"37","author":"Corrier D.E.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776180124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1996.57.06.884","article-title":"Influence of adrenergic and cholinergic mediators on the equine jejunum in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Malone E.D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776117872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.03.229","article-title":"Gastrointestinal complications associated with the use of atropine in horses","volume":"182","author":"Ducharme N.G.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.1997.tb00262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214695"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688007301008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.2002.tb07593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0231(20000815)14:15<1321::AID-RCM946>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014264"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.2042-3306.2012.00656.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:08:17Z","timestamp":1762074497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S43","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00656.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-03-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-08-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2012-11-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}