{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:17:30Z","timestamp":1790054250185,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Macrolide antibiotics are used for the treatment of immunological disorders such as psoriasis. However, few studies have investigated the immunoregulatory efficacy of macrolides in bacterial superantigen-stimulated immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The suppressive efficacies of azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and prednisolone were evaluated in vitro against the concanavalin A- or toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)-induced proliferation of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from nine healthy subjects. The concentrations of six cytokines in a PBMC-culture medium were measured using bead-array procedures followed by flow cytometry. Cellular c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity were measured using cell-based ELISA procedures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin inhibited the proliferation of both the concanavalin A- and superantigen-stimulated PBMCs dose-dependently. The effect of azithromycin was the strongest, with IC50 values of less than 5 \u00b5g\/ml. Furthermore, the suppressive efficacy of prednisolone against concanavalin A- or TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs was significantly promoted in combination with 5 \u00b5g\/ml azithromycin (P &amp;lt; 0.002). The concentrations of TNF-\u03b1, interleukin (IL)-2, \u22124, \u22125 and \u221210 in the supernatant of concanavalin A- or TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs cultured for 72 h decreased by 65\u201398% in the presence of 5 \u00b5g\/ml azithromycin. The stimulation of PBMCs with concanavalin A or TSST-1 increased cellular JNK and ERK activity, and 5 \u00b5g\/ml azithromycin significantly attenuated the increased activity of JNK in the TSST-1-stimulated cells and ERK in the concanavalin A- and TSST-1-stimulated PBMCs, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Azithromycin suppresses mitogen- or superantigen-induced proliferation of PBMCs by possibly inhibiting both cellular JNK and ERK activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01343.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,19]],"date-time":"2011-08-19T05:18:11Z","timestamp":1313731091000},"page":"1320-1326","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Azithromycin suppresses proliferation, interleukin production and mitogen-activated protein kinases in human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells stimulated with bacterial superantigen"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Yoko","family":"Hiwatashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Sagamihara,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kitasato University East Hospital , Sagamihara,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bohsei Pharmacy, Kanagawa, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisayo","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Sagamihara,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Onda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Sagamihara,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , Sagamihara,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroya","family":"Utsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences , 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