{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T09:01:11Z","timestamp":1759482071789,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the growth behaviour and in-vitro dissolution rate of water-insoluble drugs prepared with high-shear wet granulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Granules containing nimodipine, microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose and aqueous solution of hydroxypropylcellulose were prepared and the effects of independent process variables, including impeller speed and liquid-to-solid ratio were taken into consideration. The mean granule size, granule-size distribution (GSD), porosity and surface properties were monitored at different kneading times to identify the granule-growth mechanisms simultaneously. A computer-based method was applied to simulate the dissolution behaviour of polydisperse granules based on the GSD data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The in-vitro dissolution rate of drug was high for the early stages of granulation and sharply decreased when coalescence and consolidation of granules started, approaching a flat and low level when granules were sufficiently consolidated. The simulated dissolution results were in agreement with experimental observations and were significantly affected by the GSD, porosity and surface properties of granules during the granulation process. Moreover the GSD was directly related to the granule-growth behaviour and mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In general, it was concluded that the dissolution properties of nimodipine basically correlated with the growth behaviour of granules in a high-shear mixer. The simulation method based on GSD can be used as a convenient and rapid way to predict the dissolution properties for formulation development and granulation optimization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01362.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T17:19:11Z","timestamp":1318267151000},"page":"1548-1558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An investigation on the correlation between drug dissolution properties and the growth behaviour of granules in high shear mixer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Institute for Food and Drug Control , Shenyang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanru","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang B. Braun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd , Shenyang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tongying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(01)00317-5","article-title":"Growth regime map for liquid-bound granules: further development and experimental validation","volume":"117","author":"Iveson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780849354953","volume-title":"Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology","author":"Parikh","year":"2005","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit3","first-page":"133","article-title":"Melt pelletization in a high shear mixer. I. Effects of process variables and binder","volume":"4","author":"Schaefer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Nord"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.56.22","article-title":"Investigation of high shear wet granulation processes using different parameters and formulation","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit5","first-page":"165","article-title":"Effects of process variables and their interactions on melt pelletization in a high shear mixer","volume":"10","author":"Heng","year":"2000","journal-title":"STP Pharma Sci"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(95)04374-8","article-title":"Melt pelletization in a high shear mixer. VI. Agglomeration of cohesive powder","volume":"132","author":"Schaefer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00278-1","article-title":"Screening of high shear mixer melt granulation process variables using an asymmetrical factorial design","volume":"190","author":"Voinovich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(96)03230-5","article-title":"An investigation into the effects of binder viscosity on agglomeration behaviour","volume":"91","author":"Keningley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(00)00224-2","article-title":"The effect of binder viscosity on particle agglomeration in a low shear mixer\/agglomerator","volume":"113","author":"Mills","year":"2000","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit10","first-page":"245","article-title":"Melt pelletization in a high shear mixer. III. Effects of lactose quality","volume":"4","author":"Schaefer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Nord"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2007.11.018","article-title":"Growth kinetics and mechanisms of wet granulation in a laboratory-scale high shear mixer: effect of initial polydispersity of particle size","volume":"62","author":"Realpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Eng Sci"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(97)00232-9","article-title":"Growth mechanisms of high-shear pelletization","volume":"157","author":"Vonk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(98)00031-X","article-title":"An investigation into the kinetics of liquid distribution and growth in high shear mixer agglomeration","volume":"97","author":"Knight","year":"1998","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690440705","article-title":"Growth regime map for liquid-bounded granules","volume":"44","author":"Iveson","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIChE J"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(89)90069-0","article-title":"The effect of particle size distribution on dissolution rate and oral absorption","volume":"51","author":"Hintz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600750202","article-title":"Mixing-tank model for predicting dissolution rate control of oral absorption","volume":"75","author":"Dressman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016020822093","article-title":"In-vitro dissolution profile comparison: statistics and analysis, model dependent approach","volume":"13","author":"Sathe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)00284-C","article-title":"Polymorphism in binary mixtures, as exemplified by nimodipine","volume":"118","author":"Grunenberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbbm.2006.03.006","article-title":"Investigation on drug dissolution and particle characteristics of pellets related to manufacturing process variables of high-shear granulation","volume":"69","author":"D\u00e9vay","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biochem Biophys Methods"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2005.11.032","article-title":"Dissolution kinetics of guar gum powders-III. Effect of particle size","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit21","volume-title":"Powder Sampling and Particle Size Determination","author":"Allen","year":"2003","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(96)03096-3","article-title":"Fundamental studies of granule consolidation part 1: effects of binder content and binder viscosity","volume":"88","author":"Iveson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1163\/1568552054194186","article-title":"A regime map for stages in high shear mixer agglomeration using ultra-high viscosity binders","volume":"16","author":"Rough","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2003.11.009","article-title":"Development of a dissolution medium for nimodipine tablets based on bioavailability evaluation","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"volume-title":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia","year":"2005","key":"2024103013294350100_cit25"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011984216775","article-title":"Dissolution testing as a prognostic tool for oral drug absorption: immediate release dosage forms","volume":"15","author":"Dressman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1021\/je960178u","article-title":"Diffusion coefficients of molecular iodine in aqueous solutions","volume":"42","author":"Cantrel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Chem Eng Data"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0200-0","article-title":"Effect of crystal size on the in vitro dissolution and oral absorption of nitrendipine in rats","volume":"27","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit29","volume-title":"Properties of Gases and Liquids","author":"Poling","year":"2000","edition":"5th"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2008.09.033","article-title":"Exploring the regime map for high-shear mixer granulation","volume":"145","author":"Tu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2008.04.082","article-title":"Effect of operating conditions and physic-chemical properties on the wet granulation kinetics in high shear mixer","volume":"190","author":"Benali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.05.039","article-title":"Effect of impeller speed on mechanical and dissolution properties of high-shear granules","volume":"164","author":"Mangwandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3109\/03639049009115960","article-title":"Melt granulation in a laboratory scale high shear mixer","volume":"16","author":"Schaefer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2008.04.013","article-title":"Experimental studies on distributions of granule size, binder content and porosity in batch drum granulation: inferences on process modelling requirements and process sensitivities","volume":"188","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Powder Technol"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.01.030","article-title":"Importance of evaluating the consolidation of granules manufactured by high shear mixer","volume":"338","author":"Ohno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ppsc.19910080130","article-title":"The work of the British standards institution in particle, surface and pore size characterisation","volume":"8","author":"Lines","year":"1991","journal-title":"Part Part Syst Charact"},{"key":"2024103013294350100_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690460312","article-title":"Coalescence of deformable granules in wet granulation process","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIChE J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.2042-7158.2011.01362.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/63\/12\/1548\/60235708\/j.2042-7158.2011.01362.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/63\/12\/1548\/60235708\/j.2042-7158.2011.01362.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T18:58:16Z","timestamp":1730314696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/63\/12\/1548\/6135449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2011.01362.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-3573"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2042-7158"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}}}