{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:28:08Z","timestamp":1761488888942,"version":"3.40.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]],"date-time":"2012-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1343779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The chemopreventive potential of Tephrosia purpurea extract (TPE) on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar rats was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of NDEA (200 mg\/kg) followed by subcutaneous injections of CCl4 (3 ml\/kg per week) for six weeks. After administration of the carcinogen, 200 and 400 mg\/kg TPE were administered orally once a day throughout the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levels of liver cancer markers, including \u03b1-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen, were substantially increased by NDEA treatment. TPE treatment significantly reduced liver injury and restored the entire liver cancer markers. Additionally, TPE markedly normalized the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of NDEA-treated rats. Treatment with TPE significantly reduced the nodule incidence and multiplicity in the carcinogen-bearing rats. Histological observations of the liver tissues correlated with the biochemical observations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings powerfully support that T. purpurea prevented lipid peroxidation, suppressed the tumour burden, and promoted enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defence systems during NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. This might have been due to modulating the antioxidant defence status, which contributed to its anticarcinogenic potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01503.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,28]],"date-time":"2012-03-28T00:24:54Z","timestamp":1332894294000},"page":"1195-1205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chemopreventive evaluation of<i>Tephrosia purpurea<\/i>against<i>N<\/i>-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Talib","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University ,","place":["India"]},{"name":"Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR) , Lucknow,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hefazat H","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheeba","family":"Fareed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University ,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhavan","family":"Vijayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR) , Lucknow,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chandana Venkateswara","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR) , Lucknow,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2007.09.003","article-title":"Attenuation of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis by a novel flavonol-Morin","volume":"171","author":"Sivaramakrishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.10.013","article-title":"Methylated chrysin, a dimethoxy flavone, partially suppresses the development of liver preneoplastic lesions induced by N-nitrosodiethylamine in rats","volume":"49","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevOncog.v11.i1.20","article-title":"Genetic alterations in liver carcinogenesis: implications for new preventive and therapeutic strategies","volume":"11","author":"Feo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncogenesis"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radical and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2005.04.014","article-title":"Chemopreventive effects of embelin and curcumin against N-nitrosodiethylamine\/phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats","volume":"76","author":"Sreepriya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem140","article-title":"Differential growth suppression of human melanoma cells by tea (Camellia sinensis) epicatechins (ECG, EGC and EGCG)","volume":"6","author":"Ravindranath","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit9","first-page":"168","article-title":"Antiulcer activity of Tephrosia purpurea in rats","volume":"35","author":"Despande","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"volume-title":"Ethnomedicinal Plants of Indian","year":"2007","author":"Trivedi","key":"2024103013320640000_cit10"},{"volume-title":"Medicinal Plants","year":"2007","author":"Joshi","key":"2024103013320640000_cit11"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.10.043","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of aerial parts of Tephrosia purpurea L. and stem bark of Tecomella undulate","volume":"122","author":"Khatria","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1021\/np970236p","article-title":"Activity-guided isolation of constituents of Tephrosia purpurea with the potential to induce the phase II enzyme, quinone reductase","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit14","first-page":"568","article-title":"Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Tephrosia purpurea whole plant aqueous extract","volume":"2","author":"Gunjegaonkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacologyonline"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(03)00042-X","article-title":"Studies on the immunomodulatory activity of flavonoidal fraction of Tephrosia purpurea","volume":"74","author":"Damre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.05.011","article-title":"Wound healing potential of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. in rats","volume":"108","author":"Lodhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening of root culture of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers","volume":"XLVIII","author":"Zafar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hamdard Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60139-9","article-title":"Anticancer activity of Tephrosia purpurea and Ficus religiosa using MCF 7 cell lines","volume":"4","author":"Gulecha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-48","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of Carissa opaca leaves on CCl4-induced damage in rat","volume":"11","author":"Sahreen","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.06.005","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antioxidant properties of different fractions of Moringa oleifera leaves","volume":"47","author":"Verma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"volume-title":"OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, test no. 423","year":"2001","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","key":"2024103013320640000_cit21"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-007-9682-4","article-title":"Prevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by S-allylcysteine","volume":"310","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.03.007","article-title":"Suppression of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis by silymarin in rats","volume":"161","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.05.007","article-title":"Potential chemoprevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by polyphenolics from Acacia nilotica bark","volume":"181","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","article-title":"A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase","volume":"28","author":"Reitman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit26","first-page":"199","article-title":"The hydrolases \u2013 acid and alkaline phosphatases","volume-title":"Practical Clinical Enzymology","author":"King","year":"1965"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/22.12.2051","article-title":"Reaction rate method for gamma glutamyl transferase activity in serum","volume":"22","author":"Szasz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.6.3.173","article-title":"Estimation of bilirubin in serum","volume":"6","author":"Dangerfield","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/60.1.19","article-title":"Alpha feto protein","volume":"60","author":"Sell","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1978.162","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen in hepatocellular cancer","volume":"38","author":"Macnab","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00936440","article-title":"Effect of stress on the antioxidant enzymes and gastric ulceration","volume":"1125","author":"Das","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","article-title":"Tissue sulphhydryl groups","volume":"82","author":"Ellman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit34","first-page":"51","article-title":"Modified spectrophotometer assay of SOD","volume":"95","author":"Kakkar","year":"1984","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4073.588","article-title":"Selenium, biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase purification and assay","volume":"179","author":"Rotruck","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione-S-transferases: the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(96)00062-9","article-title":"N-Nitrodiethylamine mechanistic data and risk assessment: bioactivation, DNA-adduct formation, mutagenicity, and tumor initiation","volume":"71","author":"Verna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.21977","article-title":"Effects of low dose quercetin: cancer cell-specific inhibition of cell cycle progression","volume":"106","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2007.29.3.1092095","article-title":"Quercetin induces cell cycle G1 arrest through elevating Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27 in human hepatoma cell line (HepG2)","volume":"29","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2008.09.032","article-title":"Rutin inhibits the proliferation of murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo and promotes immune response in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Jing-Pin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit41","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cancer chemopreventive activity of rotenoids from Derris trifoliata","volume":"70","author":"Chihiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1021\/np50095a005","article-title":"Antitumor agents, 138. Rotenoids and isoflavones as cytotoxic constituents from Amorpha fruticosa","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit43","first-page":"3424","article-title":"Cancer chemopreventive activity mediated by deguelin, a naturally occurring rotenoid","volume":"15","author":"Udeani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14554-9","article-title":"Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride in hepatic microsomes and reconstituted monooxygenase systems and its relationship to lipid peroxidation","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit45","first-page":"316","article-title":"Melatonin modulates the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats","volume":"8","author":"Dakshayani","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(98)00294-8","article-title":"Effect of Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"136","author":"Jeena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760802626535","article-title":"Inhibition of reactive oxygen species and preneoplastic lesions by quercetin through an antioxidant defense mechanism","volume":"43","author":"V\u00e1squez-Garz\u00f3n","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.073","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects of rubiadin, a major constituent of Rubia cordifolia Linn","volume":"103","author":"Rao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(88)90169-4","article-title":"Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions","volume":"37","author":"Robak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)90079-5","article-title":"Importance of Se-glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and Cu\/Zn-SOD for cell survival against oxidative stress","volume":"17","author":"Michiels","year":"1994","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.08.001","article-title":"Protective role of vitamin E pretreatment on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced oxidative stress in rat liver","volume":"156","author":"Bansal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"2024103013320640000_cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01535957","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma producing carcinoembryonic antigen","volume":"33","author":"Maeda","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.2042-7158.2012.01503.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/64\/8\/1195\/60238478\/j.2042-7158.2012.01503.x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article-pdf\/64\/8\/1195\/60238478\/j.2042-7158.2012.01503.x.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T03:53:59Z","timestamp":1742788439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpp\/article\/64\/8\/1195\/6135365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01503.x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-7158","0022-3573"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2042-7158"},{"type":"print","value":"0022-3573"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]}}}