{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:55:26Z","timestamp":1789710926636,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Social Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We review 50\u2010odd years of research on \u2018contact hypothesis\u2019, to assess progress, problems, and prospects. We chart the progress that has been made in understanding two distinct forms of contact: direct and indirect. We highlight the progress made in understanding the effects of each type of contact, as well as both moderating and mediating factors, and emphasize the multiple impacts of direct contact, especially. We then consider some of the main critiques of inter\u2010group contact, focusing on empirical issues and whether contact impedes social change, and provide a research agenda for the coming years. We conclude that this body of work no longer merits the modest title of \u2018hypothesis\u2019, but fully deserves acknowledgement as an integrated and influential theory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]],"date-time":"2011-09-02T07:43:46Z","timestamp":1314949426000},"page":"374-386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":214,"title":["Fifty\u2010odd years of inter\u2010group contact: From hypothesis to integrated theory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Miles","family":"Hewstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann","family":"Swart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430207074726"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Progress in Asian social psychology","author":"Al Ramiah A."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2010.01650.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G. W.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X387089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.80.2.253"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"49","volume-title":"The psychology of ethnic and cultural conflict","author":"Bramel D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(05)37005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2006.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2006.00929.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210386969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","article-title":"Longitudinal studies of intergroup contact: Special Section","author":"Christ O.","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","volume-title":"Advances in intergroup contact","author":"Christ O."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Our shared future","author":"Commission on Integration and Cohesion","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"188","volume-title":"European review of social psychology","author":"Crisp R. J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014718"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Advances in intergroup contact","author":"Crisp R. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466609X471020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp1902_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430210391121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.7.697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01993.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00123.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430210390555"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430203006001009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","volume-title":"Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research","author":"Fishbein M.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","volume-title":"Ethnic conflict: Commerce, culture, and the contact hypothesis","author":"Forbes H. D.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430210391119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466608X284443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1997.tb01126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","volume-title":"Communication Yearbook","author":"Harwood J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167204271577"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466610X524263"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Stereotypes and stereotyping","author":"Hewstone M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Living apart, living together? The role of intergroup contact in social integration","volume":"162","author":"Hewstone M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the British Academy"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters","author":"Hewstone M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2006.00441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466607X231109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466605X48583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2010.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.1969.16.3.03a00050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430203006001013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430208095400"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.94.2.94.2.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world","author":"McCauley C.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.95.5.1080"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203262848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297232006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.49.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2007.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-9335.40.2.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2006.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773963.ch16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.90.5.751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466607X267470"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02261.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430203006002003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(06)38003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280601095240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","article-title":"Daily interracial interactions and interpersonal behaviors","author":"Shelton J. N.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430208095398"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02147.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2010.01647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430207071345"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430206064642"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167208325004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446200919.n33"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018553"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430210390534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"The psychology of global conflicts: From war to peace","author":"Tausch N.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466606X155150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015493"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Stigma and group inequality: Social psychological perspectives","author":"Tropp L. R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2005.01643.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466609X419901"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430207081533"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.93.3.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280701680297"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0011434"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0992(199607)26:4<649::AID-EJSP780>3.0.CO;2-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.92.5.804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019027250606900406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsm035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430210387805"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","volume-title":"The reduction of intergroup tensions","author":"Williams R. M.","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes","author":"Wright S. C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.1.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Intergroup misunderstandings: Impact of divergent social realities","author":"Wright S. C.","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Social Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8309.2011.02047.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:52:01Z","timestamp":1761738721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2044-8309.2011.02047.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-6665","2044-8309"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-6665","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8309","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}