{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1793674652615,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,29]],"date-time":"2012-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Andrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intratesticular retinoic acid is necessary for spermatogenesis, but the relationship between intratesticular retinoic acid and sperm quality in man has not been studied. We hypothesized that intratesticular concentrations of retinoic acid would be lower in men with abnormal semen analyses compared to men with normal semen analyses. We recruited men requiring scrotal or penile surgery in a pilot observational study examining the relationship between sperm quality and intratesticular and serum retinoic acid. Twenty\u2010four men provided two pre\u2010operative blood and semen samples, and underwent a testicular biopsy during surgery. Serum and tissue all\u2010trans and 13\u2010<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid and reproductive hormones were measured by LC\/MS\/MS and radioimmunoassays, respectively. Seven men had abnormal semen analyses by at least one WHO criteria and 17 men were normal. In men with abnormal semen, the median (25th, 75th percentile) intratesticular 13\u2010<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid was 0.14 (0.08, 0.25) pmol\/gram tissue compared with 0.26 (0.18, 0.38) pmol\/gram tissue in men with normal semen (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). There were no significant differences in intratesticular all\u2010<jats:italic>trans<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid or serum reproductive hormones between men with normal and abnormal semen analyses. Intratesticular 13\u2010<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid is significantly lower in men with abnormal semen analyses compared to men with normal semen analyses. Lower intratesticular 13\u2010<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid concentrations may be due to decreased biosynthesis or increased metabolism in the testes. Further investigation of the relationship between intratesticular 13\u2010<jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic> retinoic acid and poor sperm quality is warranted to determine if this association is present in infertile men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2012.00033.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,30]],"date-time":"2012-11-30T03:05:02Z","timestamp":1354244702000},"page":"325-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Intratesticular 13\u2010<i>cis<\/i> retinoic acid is lower in men with abnormal semen analyses: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"J. J.","family":"Nya\u2010Ngatchou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. L. M.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. J.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Urology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Urology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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