{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T18:14:32Z","timestamp":1794507272745,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Numerous appetite, growth, obesity\u2010related hormones and inflammatory factors are found in human breast\u2010milk, but there is little evidence on their relationship with infant body composition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectvie<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of the present cross\u2010sectional pilot study was to assess the cross\u2010sectional associations of appetite\u2010regulating hormones and growth factors (leptin, insulin and glucose) and inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 (IL\u20106) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1)) in human breast\u2010milk with infant size, adiposity, and lean tissue at 1\u2010month of age in healthy term infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human breast\u2010milk was collected from nineteen exclusively breast\u2010feeding mothers using one full breast expression between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. The milk was then mixed, aliquoted, stored at \u221280\u00b0C and then centrifuged to remove the milk fat, prior to analyses using commercially available immunoassay kits; milk analytes were natural log transformed prior to analysis. Infant body composition was assessed using a Lunar iDXA v11\u201030.062 scanner (Infant whole body analysis enCore 2007 software, GE, Fairfield, CT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal pre\u2010pregnancy BMI was positively associated with milk leptin concentration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0027), and so maternal\u2010BMI\u2010adjusted Spearman correlations were examined between breast\u2010milk analytes and infant growth and body composition variables. As previously reported, greater milk leptin was associated with lower BMIZ (BMI\u2010for\u2010age z\u2010score based on WHO 2006 growth charts; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.54, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Glucose was positively associated with relative weight (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), and both fat and lean mass (0.43\u20130.44, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.10). Higher concentrations of milk insulin were associated with lower infant weight, relative weight, and lean mass (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.49\u20130.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.06). Higher milk IL\u20106 was associated with lower relative weight, weight gain, percent fat, and fat mass (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.55\u20130.70, P&lt;\u20090.03 for all), while higher TNF\u2010\u03b1 was associated with lower lean mass (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05), but not measures of adiposity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These preliminary data suggest for the first time that in the first months of life, breast\u2010milk concentrations of insulin, glucose, IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1, in addition to leptin, may be bioactive and differentially influence the accrual of fat and lean body mass.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00059.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,10]],"date-time":"2012-05-10T13:08:45Z","timestamp":1336655325000},"page":"304-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Relationship of insulin, glucose, leptin, <scp>IL<\/scp>\u20106 and <scp>TNF<\/scp>\u2010\u03b1 in human breast milk with infant growth and body composition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"D. 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