{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:15:00Z","timestamp":1791159300884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,18]],"date-time":"2013-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Obesity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:title>What is already known about this subject<\/jats:title>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with offspring overweight, but it is still unclear whether this association is due to confounding by parental lifestyle habits or caused by direct effects of intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:title>What this study adds<\/jats:title>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Maternal smoking during pregnancy was validated by cord serum cotinine measurements and the offspring body mass index was assessed at various ages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with offspring body mass index at 8 years of age with a trend for increased body mass index from 4 years of age onwards.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Paternal smoking and smoking of both parents at pre\u2010 and post\u2010natal periods was positively associated with offspring body mass index, which suggests residual confounding by lifestyle habits in smoking families rather than intrauterine effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although many epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overweight, it is still under debate whether intrauterine tobacco smoke exposure directly affects offspring obesity or if the association is rather due to confounding by lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association of parental smoking habits at pre\u2010 and post\u2010natal periods with offspring body mass index (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) was investigated, whereas maternal smoking during pregnancy was validated by cord serum cotinine measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multivariable linear regression analysis, based on the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>lm <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>irth <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tudy of 1045 children born in 2000 with annual\/biennial follow\u2010up until the age of 8 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009609), was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> of offspring from mothers who smoked during pregnancy and non\u2010smoking mothers differed significantly at 8 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content> of 0.73\u2009kg\u2009m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup> [95% confidence interval: 0.21\u20131.25] in 8\u2010year\u2010old children after adjustment for multiple potential confounding variables. Both pre\u2010 and post\u2010natal smoking of fathers (0.34 [0.01\u20130.66]\/0.45 [0.08\u20130.81]) and of both parents (1.03 [0.43\u20131.63]\/0.56 [0.14\u20130.98]) were likewise significantly associated with offspring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The observed patterns suggest that residual confounding by living conditions in smoking families rather than specific intrauterine exposure to tobacco smoke may account for the increased risk of offspring overweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00146.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T01:10:20Z","timestamp":1361236220000},"page":"121-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Association of pre\u2010 and post\u2010natal parental smoking with offspring body mass index: an 8\u2010year follow\u2010up of a birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"I.","family":"Florath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Ulm University  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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