{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:45:27Z","timestamp":1792655127327,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":322,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68HERC20F0273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68HERC20F0273"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68HERC20F0392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68HERC20F0392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial coatings, for use in combination with routine cleaning and disinfection, were evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing virus concentration on stainless steel surfaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty antimicrobial coating products, predominantly composed of organosilane quaternary ammonium compounds, were applied to stainless steel coupons, dried overnight and evaluated for efficacy against \u03a66, an enveloped bacteriophage. Additionally, two peel and stick polymer-based films, a copper-based film and three copper alloys were evaluated. Efficacy was determined by comparison of recoveries from uncoated (positive control) and coated (test) surfaces.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results indicated that some of the coating products initially demonstrated &amp;gt;3-log reduction of \u03a66; no direct correlation of efficacy was observed with an active ingredient or its concentration. The peel and stick films and copper alloys each demonstrated efficacy in initial testing. However, none of the spray-based products retained efficacy after subjecting the coating to abrasion with either a hypochlorite or quaternary ammonium-based solution applied in accordance with EPA Interim Guidance for Evaluating the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Surface Coatings. Of the products tested for this durability, only one peel and stick polymeric film retained efficacy; the copper alloys were not tested for their durability in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that while some organosilane quaternary ammonium compound-based products demonstrate antiviral efficacy, more research and development is needed to understand effective formulations with sufficient durability to perform as supplements to routine cleaning and disinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T16:01:46Z","timestamp":1635177706000},"page":"1813-1824","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Virucidal efficacy of antimicrobial surface coatings against the enveloped bacteriophage \u03a66"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Worth","family":"Calfee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology, Inc. Tullahoma Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariela","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSS, Inc. Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Aslett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology, Inc. Tullahoma Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrahmane","family":"Touati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology, Inc. Tullahoma Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention Ft. Meade Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. EPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02051-06","article-title":"Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease","volume":"73","author":"Boone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2013.09.009","article-title":"Evaluation of two organosilane products for sustained antimicrobial activity on high-touch surfaces in patient rooms","volume":"42","author":"Boyce","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.02.041","article-title":"Unusual polymerization of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride on PET substrates","volume":"45","author":"El Ola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1077","article-title":"Impact of a novel antimicrobial surface coating on health care-associated infections and environmental bioburden at 2 urban hospitals","volume":"71","author":"Ellingson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633-14","article-title":"Quaternary ammonium biocides: efficacy in application","volume":"81","author":"Gerba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","first-page":"181","article-title":"Formation of polymeric antimicrobial surfaces from organorunctional silanes","volume":"57","author":"Gettings","year":"1987","journal-title":"Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02766-10","article-title":"Metallic copper as an antimicrobial surface","volume":"77","author":"Grass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Applied and Environment Microbiology"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","first-page":"35","article-title":"How antimicrobial treatment can improve nonwovens","volume":"73","author":"Hayes","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Dyestuff Reporter"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.09.022","article-title":"Potential sources, modes of transmission and effectiveness of prevention measures against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"106","author":"Kampf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818398-4.00020-7","volume-title":"Handbook of natural fibres","author":"Koz\u0142owski","year":"2020","edition":"2"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-164-6_7","article-title":"Enumeration of bacteriophages by double agar overlay plaque assay","volume":"501","author":"Kropinski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","article-title":"Probable airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a poorly ventilated restaurant","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/152808378201200104","article-title":"Development of an organosilicone antimicrobial agent for the treatment of surfaces","volume":"12","author":"Malek","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Coated Fabrics"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","first-page":"24","article-title":"New anti-microbial treatment for carpet applications","volume":"72","author":"Mcgee","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Dyestuff Reporter"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5008","article-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors","volume":"174","author":"Meyerowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182624","article-title":"Evaluation of bactericidal and anti-biofilm properties of a novel surface-active organosilane biocide against healthcare associated pathogens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biolfilm","volume":"12","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.12.004","article-title":"Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings","volume":"41","author":"Otter","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01032-12","article-title":"Sustained reduction of microbial burden on common hospital surfaces through introduction of copper","volume":"50","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(82)90121-7","article-title":"Destruction of microorganisms by contact with solid-surfaces","volume":"89","author":"Speier","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","volume-title":"Registration eligibility decision for trimethoxysilyl quaternary ammonium chloride compounds","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","volume-title":"Advancing the Federal Technology Transfer Act (FTTA)","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.06.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial applications of copper","volume":"219","author":"Vincent","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2012.12.005","article-title":"Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects","volume":"41","author":"Weber","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"},{"key":"2023030118120630300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.04.196","article-title":"Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species","volume":"38","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Infection Control"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jam.15339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jam.15339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/132\/3\/1813\/48730275\/jambio1813.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/132\/3\/1813\/48730275\/jambio1813.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T18:28:25Z","timestamp":1699727305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/132\/3\/1813\/6988718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.15339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672","1364-5072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1364-5072","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}}}