{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:33:10Z","timestamp":1789669990831,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is characterized by the detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum or liver but negativity for hepatitis B surface antigen. OBI, which is thought to be maintained by host, immunological, viral and\/or epigenetic factors, is one of the most challenging clinical features in the study of viral hepatitis. Currently, there is no validated detection test for OBI. It is believed that OBI is widely distributed throughout the world, with a higher prevalence in populations at high-risk HBV, but the detailed worldwide prevalence patterns are unknown. We conducted a survey of recently published studies on OBI rates across all continents. High prevalence rates of OBI are observed in some specific groups, including patients with hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus co-infection or hepatocellular carcinoma. In 2016, the World Health Organization adopted strategies to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030, but the difficulties in detecting and treating OBI currently challenge this goal. Subjects with OBI can transmit HBV, and episodes of reactivation can occur. Further studies to understanding the mechanisms that drive the development of OBI are needed and can contribute to efforts at eliminating viral hepatitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T16:35:50Z","timestamp":1635784550000},"page":"1616-1635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Occult Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and challenges for hepatitis elimination: A literature review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Alves Araujo","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology Oswaldo Cruz Institute\/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6314-754X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Salete","family":"de Paula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Virology Oswaldo Cruz Institute\/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023011711163669400_jam15351-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2019.04.003","article-title":"HBV\/HCV coinfection in the era of HCV-DAAs","volume":"23","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinics in Liver Disease"},{"issue":"24","key":"2023011711163669400_jam15351-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4317","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i24.4317","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B reactivation in patients treated with direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C","volume":"23","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Journal of 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