{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:00:12Z","timestamp":1791874812559,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000094","name":"Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["030275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["030275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008921","name":"Ministry of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013183","name":"Swine Innovation Porc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["053878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["053878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008986","name":"University of Guelph","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008986","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Biofilms are involved in pathogenesis of various bacterial infections. Treatment of biofilm-related bacterial infection remains a major challenge due to the reduced efficacy of antibiotics and associated antibiotic resistance. Given the high prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-related infections and associated drug resistance, it is imperative to develop alternative strategies for treatment and prevention. The current study investigated antibiofilm activity of a recently isolated Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis-9) against these pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Crystal violet staining showed that treatment with B. subtilis-9 significantly reduced biofilm biomass of ETEC (60%\u201380%), S. Typhimurium (68%\u201373%) and MRSA (66%\u201382%). In addition, B. subtilis-9 significantly reduced pre-formed biofilm biomass of ETEC (59%), S. Typhimurium (62%), MRSA (65%) and multispecies (58%). Fluorescence microscopy revealed that B. subtilis-9 treatment significantly reduced the thickness of biofilm and viability of the embedded bacteria. Additionally, B. subtilis-9 significantly reduced planktonic cell growth of ETEC (92%), S. Typhimurium (94%) and MRSA (93%). Interestingly, transwell assay showed that B. subtilis-9 exhibited antibiofilm properties in a cell-to-cell contact-dependent manner and significantly reduced mRNA expression of biofilm-related genes, bssS, luxS and ihfB in ETEC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Novel B. subtilis-9 exhibits a strong inhibitory activity against ETEC, S. Typhimurium and MRSA biofilm formation and adhesion to abiotic surfaces. With further investigations, our study could bring forward a novel Bacillus-based probiotic intervention strategy to combat pathogenic biofilms, in clinical and agricultural settings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance and Impact of the Study<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Probiotic bacteria propose a potential alternative in combating biofilm-related infections, however, data on the efficacy and strain selection are limited. Data from this study are critical in further developing Bacillus-based novel probiotic applications that may reduce the use of antibiotics in biofilm-related infections in humans and animals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:27:40Z","timestamp":1658363260000},"page":"2501-2515","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dispersal of pathogen-associated multispecies biofilm by novel probiotic Bacillus subtilis in a contact-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Sudan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biosciences University of Guelph Guelph Ontario 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