{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T01:20:16Z","timestamp":1776734416817,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":77,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NM0018D0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NM0018D0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Aims<\/jats:title>\n Inactivation processes using heat are widely used for disinfection and sterilization. Dry heat sterilization of spacecraft equipment has been the preferred microbial inactivation method as part of interplanetary travel protection strategies. An antimicrobial model, based on temperature and exposure time based on experimental data, was developed to provide reliable sterilization processes to be used for interplanetary applications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n Bacillus atrophaeus spores, traditionally used to challenge dry heat sterilization processes, were tested over a range of temperatures in comparison with spores of Bacillus canaveralius that have been shown to have a higher heat resistance profile. D-value and Z-values were determined and used to develop a mathematical model for parametric sterilization applications. The impact of the presence of a contaminating soil, representative of Mars dust, was also tested to verify the practical application of the model to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in such environments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The sterilization model developed can be used as an intrinsic part of risk reduction strategies for interplanetary protection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Significance and Impact<\/jats:title>\n Forward and backward planetary protection strategies to reduce the risks of microbial contamination during interplanetary exploration and research is an important consideration. The development of a modern sterilization model, with consideration of microorganisms identified with higher levels of heat resistance than traditionally deployed in terrestrial applications, allows for the consideration of optimal inactivation processes to define minimum criteria for engineering design. The ability to inactivate living microorganisms, as well as to degrade biomolecules, provides a reliable method to reduce the risk of known and potentially unknown contaminants in future applications.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T08:18:59Z","timestamp":1659169139000},"page":"2893-2901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dry heat sterilization modelling for spacecraft applications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Flax","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson Raritan New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Tortora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson Raritan New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen","family":"Yeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson Raritan New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wayne W.","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson Raritan New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0001","first-page":"1297","volume-title":"Block's disinfection, sterilization and preservation","author":"Bancroft","year":"2020","edition":"6th edition"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9040166","article-title":"Stress-tolerance and taxonomy of Culturable bacterial communities isolated from a Central Mojave Desert soil sample","volume":"9","author":"Belov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01912","article-title":"High-level heat resistance of spores of bacillus amyloliquefaciens and bacillus licheniformis results from the presence of a spoVA operon in a Tn1546 transposon","volume":"7","author":"Berendsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.113.1.33-37.1973","article-title":"Survival of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during prolonged periods of extreme desiccation","volume":"113","author":"Boylen","year":"1973","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1473550420000397","article-title":"Biological safety in the context of backward planetary protection and Mars sample return: conclusions from the sterilization working group","volume":"20","author":"Craven","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Astrobiology"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2019.07.009","article-title":"Assessment of the probability of microbial contamination for sample return from Martian moons I: departure of microbes from Martian surface","volume":"23","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sciences in Space Research (Amst)"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0007","volume-title":"Sterilization of health care products\u2014Biological indicators\u2014Part 4: Biological indicators for dry heat sterilization processes","author":"ISO 11138-4","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023110404082690900_jam15748-bib-0008","volume-title":"Sterilization of health care products - 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