{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:45:51Z","timestamp":1779241551992,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"US Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-12-D-0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-12-D-0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To establish a basis for rapid remediation of large areas contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Representative surfaces of wood, steel and cement were coated by nebulization with B. thuringiensis HD-1 cry- (a simulant for B. anthracis) at 5.9 \u00b1 0.2, 6.3 \u00b1 0.2 and 5.8 \u00b1 0.2 log10 CFU per cm2, respectively. These were sprayed with formaldehyde, either with or without pre-germination. Low volume (equivalent to \u22642500 L ha\u22121) applications of formaldehyde at 30 g l\u22121 to steel or cement surfaces resulted in \u22654 or \u22642 log10 CFU per cm2 reductions respectively, after 2 h exposure. Pre-germinating spores (500 mmol l\u22121 \u00a0l-alanine and 25 mmol l\u22121 inosine, pH 7) followed by formaldehyde application showed higher levels of spore inactivation than formaldehyde alone with gains of up to 3.4 log10 CFU per cm2 for a given dose. No loss in B. thuringiensis cry- viability was measured after the 2 h germination period, however, a pre-heat shock log10 reduction was seen for B. anthracis strains: LSU149 (1.7 log10), Vollum and LSU465 (both 0.9 log10), LSU442 (0.2 log10), Sterne (0.8 log10) and Ames (0.6 log10).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A methodology was developed to produce representative spore contamination of surfaces along with a laboratory-based technique to measure the efficacy of decontamination. Dose\u2013response analysis was used to optimize decontamination. Pre-germinating spores was found to increase effectiveness of decontamination but requires careful consideration of total volume used (germinant and decontaminant) by surface type.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance and Impact of the Study<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To be practically achievable, decontamination of a wide area contaminated with B. anthracis spores must be effective, timely and minimize the amount of materials required. This study uses systematic dose\u2013response methodology to demonstrate that such an approach is feasible.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T05:31:13Z","timestamp":1660109473000},"page":"3424-3437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dose\u2013response analysis of Bacillus thuringiensis HD-1 cry- spore reduction on surfaces using formaldehyde with pre-germination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0466-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Gazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dstl Porton Down Wiltshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bayliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dstl Porton Down Wiltshire 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