{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:50:14Z","timestamp":1772160614005,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and psychometrically test Character Strengths Use in Diabetes Self\u2010management Scale in people with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on literature reviews and examination by experts, a 20\u2010item scale was developed and administered to 350 participants with type 2 diabetes who were enrolled from two endocrine clinics by convenience sampling in Taiwan. Item analysis, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), concurrent and predictive validity as well as reliability were used to examine the psychometric characteristics of the scale. Data were collected from November 2021 to March 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EFA and CFA supported a 12\u2010item scale with three factors, namely learning proactively, taking on challenges and thinking positively, fit the data well. The total score of the 12\u2010item scale significantly and positively correlated with diabetes\u2010specific quality of life, and significantly and negatively correlated with baseline and 9\u2010month haemoglobin A1c levels. Cronbach's\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      for overall scale and subscales ranged between .78 and .91.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 12\u2010item Character Strengths Use in Diabetes Self\u2010management Scale demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability in people with type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nurses could apply this new scale to identify the degree of using character strengths in self\u2010management in people with type 2 diabetes; accordingly, character strength\u2010based interventions could be provided to improve self\u2010management in such patients with diabetes. Furthermore, the 12\u2010item Character Strengths Use in Diabetes Self\u2010management Scale has the potential to be used to measure the effectiveness of strength\u2010based interventions in people with Type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five patients with type 2 diabetes were invited to take the original 20\u2010item scale to evaluate the clarity, readability and comprehensiveness of the 20 items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T01:09:51Z","timestamp":1685581791000},"page":"4034-4043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Character Strengths Use in Diabetes Self\u2010management Scale: Development and psychometric testing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9323-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruey\u2010Hsia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2846-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Chan","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing I\u2010Shou University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Ching","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi\u2010Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Chun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee's Endocrinology Clinic  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chieh\u2010Hua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuen\u2010Yung","family":"Jone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Kaohsiung Medical University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721719829066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22\u2010Sint"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Amos 23.0 user's guide","author":"Arbuckle J. 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