{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:20:51Z","timestamp":1787905251394,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Around one in ten Australian women describe feeling powerless, violated and dehumanised during the perinatal period resulting in physical and psychological trauma. Maternity care providers are also impacted when mistreatment of women is undertaken or witnessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim<\/jats:title>\n To explore the perspectives and experiences of maternity care providers (midwives, doctors and doulas) regarding disrespect, mistreatment and obstetric violence in Australian maternity services.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A qualitative study was undertaken using a constructivist\/subjectivist paradigm underpinned by Critical Feminist Theory. Data were collected through in\u2010depth semi\u2010structured interviews conducted October 2024 to January 2025 and analysed thematically.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Findings<\/jats:title>\n There were four main themes identified including: \u2018disrespect and mistreatment in Australian maternity services\u2019, \u2018the normalisation of disrespect and mistreatment\u2019, \u2018obstetric violence is a polarising term\u2019 and \u2018wide reaching impacts of disrespect and mistreatment for women and maternity care providers\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Study participants described witnessing and involvement in instances of disrespect, mistreatment and obstetric violence recognising that both individuals and organisational systems and structures contribute to its occurrence. Using the lens of Critical Feminist Theory, the discussion explores three key areas: everyone is hurt by the occurrence of disrespect and mistreatment, the term obstetric violence is polarising, and the need to address systems and structures that enable disrespect, mistreatment, and obstetric violence rather than focusing on individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Collaborative systemic improvements are necessary within Australian maternity services to foster respectful maternity care through legislative and policy improvements, and education at both the individual and system\u2010wide level.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n No Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n Patients and members of the public did not contribute to study design, conduct or reporting. Midwives, doctors and doulas participated in the study in their professional roles. The research team included experienced midwives in an academic research capacity rather than as patient or public contributors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.70745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:51:50Z","timestamp":1787903510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternity Care Provider Views on Disrespect, Mistreatment, and Obstetric Violence in Australian Maternity Services"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3774-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"Collins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1388-6213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine S.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1083-7843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hazel","family":"Keedle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah G.","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Midwifery Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-101591","article-title":"Barriers to Informed Consent in Obstetric Care During Childbirth From Practitioner's Perspective: A Qualitative Study","volume":"15","author":"Abiola L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Violence Against Mothers: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Agains Women and Girls, Its Causes and Consequences","author":"Alsalem R.","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103212","article-title":"Obstetric Violence a Qualitative Interview Study","volume":"105","author":"Annborn A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.02.005","article-title":"Transforming Intrapartum Care: Respectful Maternity Care","volume":"67","author":"Bohren M. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001847","article-title":"The Mistreatment of Women During Childbirth in Health Facilities Globally: A Mixed\u2010Methods Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Bohren M. A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Exploring Evidence for Disrespect and Abuse in Facility\u2010Based Childbirth","author":"Bowser D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_3470-2","volume-title":"Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide","author":"Braun V.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Obstetric and Gynaecological Violence in the EU: Prevalence, Legal Frameworks, and Educational Guidelines for Prevention and Elimination (Study for the FEMM Committe, PE 761.478)","author":"Brunello S.","year":"2024"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005159716099","article-title":"Feminist Approaches to Social Science: Epistemological and Methodological Tenets","volume":"28","author":"Campbell R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794115606495","article-title":"Member Checking: A Feminist Participatory Analysis of the Use of Preliminary Results Pamphlets in Cross\u2010Cultural, Cross\u2010Language Research","volume":"16","author":"Caretta M. A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qualitative Research: QR"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/10130950.2021.1958554","article-title":"Breaking the Frame: Obstetric Violence and Epistemic Rupture","volume":"35","author":"Chadwick R.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agenda"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211037379","article-title":"The Dangers of Minimizing Obstetric Violence","volume":"29","author":"Chadwick R.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.10.003","article-title":"Obstetric Violence Is a Misnomer","volume":"230","author":"Chervenak F. A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2024.101631","article-title":"\u2018It Was Horrible to Watch, Horrible to Be a Part of\u2019: Midwives Perspectives of Obstetric Violence","volume":"37","author":"Collins E. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Women and Birth"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.70055","article-title":"Maternity Care Providers Perspectives and Experiences of Obstetric Violence in Low\u2010, Middle\u2010 and High\u2010Income Countries: An Integrative Review","volume":"82","author":"Collins E. C.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429489853","volume-title":"Birthing Outside the System: The Canary in the Coal Mine","author":"Dahlen H. G.","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/02691728.2025.2453943","article-title":"Obstetric Violence: An Epistemic Repair of the Construct","volume":"39","author":"Ebrahim S.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social Epistemology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/nuf.12482","article-title":"A Concept Analysis of Obstetric Violence in The United States of America","volume":"55","author":"Garcia L. M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nursing Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2024.104911","article-title":"The Meaning of Obstetric Violence Experiences: A Qualitative Content Analysis of the Break the Silence Campaign","volume":"160","author":"Garcia L. M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","volume-title":"Feminist Research Practice: A Primer","author":"Hesse\u2010Biber S. N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","unstructured":"International Confederation of Midwives.2024.\u201cObstetric Violence and Mistreatment and Violence Against Women in Reproductive Health Services.\u201dhttps:\/\/internationalmidwives.org\/resources\/obstetric\u2010violence\u2010and\u2010mistreatment\u2010and\u2010violence\u2010against\u2010women\u2010in\u2010reproductive\u2010health\u2010services\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4236\/aasoci.2024.144012","article-title":"From Critical Feminist Theory to Critical Feminist Revolutionary Pedagogy","volume":"14","author":"Katsiampoura G.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Advances in Applied Sociology (Irvine, CA)"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221140138","article-title":"Dehumanized, Violated, and Powerless: An Australian Survey of Women's Experiences of Obstetric Violence in the Past 5\u2009Years","volume":"30","author":"Keedle H.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2297-4","article-title":"A Narrative Analysis of Women's Experiences of Planning a Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC) in Australia Using Critical Feminist Theory","volume":"19","author":"Keedle H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2022.835811","article-title":"Secondary Traumatic Stress and Moral Injury in Maternity Care Providers: A Narrative and Exploratory Review","volume":"3","author":"Kendall\u2010Tackett K.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Global Women's Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801221996444","article-title":"How Gentle Must Violence Against Women be in Order to Not be Violent? Rethinking the Word Violence in Obstetric Settings","volume":"27","author":"Lappeman M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2016.06.006","article-title":"Responses to Birth Trauma and Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Among Australian Midwives","volume":"30","author":"Leinweber J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Women and Birth"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801221996456","article-title":"To Use or Not to Use the Term \u201cObstetric Violence\u201d: Commentary on the Article by Swartz and Lappeman","volume":"27","author":"L\u00e9vesque S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","volume-title":"National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council ARCaUA","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10342","key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01022-4","article-title":"Obstetric Violence in Historical Perspective","volume":"399","author":"O'Brien E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2020.10110139","article-title":"\u201cAt Least Your Baby Is Healthy\u201d Obstetric Violence or Disrespect and Abuse in Childbirth Occurrence Worldwide: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Perrotte V.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/hyp.2023.73","article-title":"\u201cObstetric Violence,\u201d \u201cMistreatment,\u201d and \u201cDisrespect and Abuse\u201d: Reflections on the Politics of Naming Violations During Facility\u2010Based Childbirth","volume":"38","author":"Pickles C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypatia"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","article-title":"How Is Obstetric Violence Conceptualised and Understood in the Academic Literature? A Meta\u2010Narrative Review","author":"Pickles C.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Medical Humanities"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","unstructured":"QSR International Pty Ltd.2020.\u201cNVivo (released in March 2020).\u201d"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2019.1609471","article-title":"Obstetric Violence Observatory: Contributions of Argentina to the International Debate","volume":"38","author":"Quattrocchi P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","volume-title":"Obstetric Violence in the European Union","author":"Quattrocchi P.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1609632","article-title":"Obstetric Violence: Perspectives From Mothers, Midwives, and Obstetricians","volume":"6","author":"Reyes\u2010Amargant Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Global Women's Health"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rhm.2016.04.002","article-title":"Moving Beyond Disrespect and Abuse: Addressing the Structural Dimensions of Obstetric Violence","volume":"24","author":"Sadler M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0403-5","article-title":"Measuring Mistreatment of Women During Childbirth: A Review of Terminology and Methodological Approaches","volume":"14","author":"Savage V.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","volume-title":"Birth Trauma.","author":"Select Committee on Birth Trauma","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","article-title":"Physicians' Perception of Obstetric or Institutional Violence in the Subtle Dimension of the Human and Physician\u2010Patient Relationship","volume":"23","author":"Sens M. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interface: Communication, Health, Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10746-015-9369-x","article-title":"Making Loud Bodies \u201cFeminine\u201d: A Feminist\u2010Phenomenological Analysis of Obstetric Violence","volume":"39","author":"Shabot S. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211013135","article-title":"Vicarious Trauma Experienced by Health Care Providers Involved in Traumatic Childbirths: A Meta\u2010Synthesis","volume":"23","author":"Shorey S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","unstructured":"\u0160imonovi\u0107 D.2019.\u201cA Human Rights\u2010Based Approach to Mistreatment and Violence Against Women in Reproductive Health Services With a Focus on Childbirth and Obstetric Violence.\u201dhttps:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/3823698?ln=en&v=pdf#files."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20220945","article-title":"Perceptions of the Brazilian Obstetrics Physicians About the Term Obstetric Violence: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"69","author":"Terribile D. C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2015.\u201cThe Prevention and Elimination of Disrespect and Abuse During Childbirth.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO\u2010RHR\u201014.23."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2021.\u201cNew Report Sounds the Alarm on Global Shortage of 900 000 Midwives.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/05\u201005\u20102021\u2010new\u2010report\u2010sounds\u2010the\u2010alarm\u2010on\u2010global\u2010shortage\u2010of\u2010900\u2010000\u2010midwives."}],"container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jan.70745","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jan.70745","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jan.70745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:51:58Z","timestamp":1787903518000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jan.70745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jan.70745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.70745","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0309-2402","1365-2648"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0309-2402","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2648","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jan.70745"}}