{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:49:25Z","timestamp":1791427765346,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007461","name":"Fondation Brocher","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007461","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping healthcare delivery. This work aims to explore how nursing expertise can be fully integrated into the development of AI\u2010based health technologies and to assess the implications for clinical practice, education, leadership, industry, policy and research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This qualitative expert elicitation study drew on data generated during a structured three\u2010day international think tank hosted by the Brocher Foundation in November 2024. Interdisciplinary experts in nursing, informatics, ethics, philosophy, medicine, computer science and law participated in structured presentations, facilitated subgroup discussions, plenary synthesis activities and collaborative development of recommendations. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse workshop outputs and identify cross\u2010cutting patterns, tensions and implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six interrelated thematic findings were generated. Participants framed nursing expertise as a form of sociotechnical governance rather than simply end\u2010user input: (1) nurses were positioned as co\u2010developers who can shape AI problem definition, design and implementation; (2) AI education was viewed as building critical interpretive capacity, not only technical literacy; (3) structural barriers limited nurse participation in innovation; (4) legal and ethical concerns reflected a gap between accountability and authority; (5) nurses were positioned as frontline actors for identifying AI bias and inequity; and (6) competency frameworks were viewed as tools for clarifying role\u2010specific expectations in AI\u2010enabled care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that embedding nursing expertise in healthcare AI is a matter of sociotechnical governance, requiring attention to organisational structures, education, legal accountability, professional roles and mechanisms for identifying safety, equity and workflow concerns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for the Profession<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides an expert\u2010informed framework for strengthening nursing participation in healthcare AI development. While the recommendations require empirical validation, they indicate priority areas for action, including nurse\u2010led innovation, competence development, cross\u2010sector collaboration, and educational and policy frameworks that recognise nursing expertise in AI development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reporting Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study adhered to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.70755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:52:25Z","timestamp":1791424345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Code With Care: A Strategic Blueprint for Nurse\u2010Led\n                    <scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    in Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5740-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura\u2010Maria","family":"Peltonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Management University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital  Kuopio Finland"},{"name":"Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim","family":"Topaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Michalowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6520-1765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene","family":"Ronquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of British Columbia Okanagan  Kelowna British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Informatics University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Babic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group Research and Development DNV  H\u00f8vik Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dari","family":"Alhuwail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Science Department, College of Life Sciences Kuwait University  Sabah Al Salem Kuwait"},{"name":"Health Informatics Unit Dasman Diabetes Institute  Kuwait Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Junger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"University Hospital of Lausanne, Vaud, CHUV  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly K.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Health Technology Advisor and Howley Family Visiting Professor of Healthcare Villanova University  Villanova Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Hardiker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human &amp; Health Sciences University of Huddersfield  Huddersfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph A.","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Stiglic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of Maribor  Maribor Slovenia"},{"name":"Usher Institute University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Lindsk\u00f6ld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ScLifeLab DC Uppsala University, EFMI  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Le Mont\u2010Sur\u2010Lausanne  Le Mont\u2010sur\u2010Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9880-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rune","family":"Nyrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Science Studies, Department of Mathematics Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Le Mont\u2010Sur\u2010Lausanne  Le Mont\u2010sur\u2010Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Geneva  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9948-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisiane","family":"Pruinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing and College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/63335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.13011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.13059"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.21700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201056648\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.12.080186.000435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X211028236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2022.104738"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/60258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2021.3074097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579467"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2024.102861"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1552372"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2025.102466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"International Council of Nurses.2022.\u2018Sustain and Retain in 2022 and Beyond.\u2019https:\/\/www.icn.ch\/resources\/publications\u2010and\u2010reports\/sustain\u2010and\u2010retain\u20102022\u2010and\u2010beyond."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010019\u20101426\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine","author":"Lehmann L. 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