{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:57:21Z","timestamp":1790780241375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72471006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72471006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72071004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72071004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72404004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72404004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Advanced Nursing"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine how task source and disease severity influence cognitive workload and decision\u2010making performance among intensive care unit nurses during concurrent multitasking. Understanding how different clinical information sources influence nurses' decision\u2010making may provide insights for supporting decision\u2010making in complex critical care environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A laboratory\u2010based 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 mixed\u2010design experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty ICU nurses participated in a concurrent task prioritization task in which task source (machine\u2010induced vs. human\u2010induced) and disease severity (high vs. low) were manipulated. Eye\u2010tracking measures, including fixation, saccade, blink, and pupil diameter metrics, together with decision accuracy, were collected during 80 task trials per participant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decision accuracy was significantly higher for machine\u2010induced tasks than for human\u2010induced tasks and was also higher under high\u2010severity conditions than under low\u2010severity conditions. Significant main effects of task source were observed across multiple eye\u2010tracking measures. Compared with human\u2010induced tasks, machine\u2010induced tasks were associated with higher cognitive workload, reflected by increased total fixation duration, fixation count, saccade count, and pupil diameter. Disease severity significantly affected several eye\u2010tracking measures; however, these effects were mainly observed during human\u2010induced tasks, with no significant severity\u2010related differences during machine\u2010induced tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Task source and disease severity influence cognitive processing patterns during ICU multitasking. Higher cognitive workload does not necessarily impair clinical decision accuracy, and task\u2010related information characteristics play a critical role in shaping decision\u2010making performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications for the Profession<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the need for nursing practice to consider how different sources of task demands shape cognitive processing during multitasking. Recognizing that higher cognitive workload may support accurate decision\u2010making under certain information conditions can inform task prioritization, clinical training, and the cognition\u2010sensitive decision support for ICU nurses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work advances evidence\u2010based understanding of cognitive workload and decision\u2010making in intensive care nursing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No patient or public contribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.70774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1790777737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Task Source Matters: Eye\u2010Tracking Evidence on Cognitive Load and Decision Accuracy in ICU Multitasking"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-115X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0663-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tingting","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2751-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiling","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine Peking University First Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-5257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1108\/JFM-06-2022-0067","article-title":"Coping With Uncertainties: Challenges for Decision Makers in Healthcare","volume":"22","author":"Aarninkhof\u2010Kamphuis A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Facilities Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/00187208221085335","article-title":"Quantifying Workload and Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: Preliminary Evaluation Using Continuous Eye\u2010Tracking","volume":"66","author":"Ahmadi N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2019.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2025.09.012","article-title":"Outcomes of the Use of Intuition in Nurses' Decision Making for Critical Care Patients: Scoping Review Protocol","volume":"52","author":"Assis M. 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