{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:44:45Z","timestamp":1789789485700,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]],"date-time":"2012-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Research Intellect Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fear of medical procedures in general and needles in particular can be a difficult clinical challenge to providing effective health care for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A changing criterion design was used to examine graduated exposure treatment for blood\u2010injury\u2010injection phobia in an adult male with autism and intellectual disability and a history of medical noncompliance. The additional contributions of differential reinforcement and a safety signal were also evaluated during treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compliance with needle\u2010to\u2010skin contact was achieved by the final criterion phase, and the behavior was maintained on follow\u2010up. Differential reinforcement and a safety signal added to the quality of treatment but were successfully faded as treatment progressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>An exposure approach was effective in reducing phobic behavior and may be flexible enough to accommodate component changes and leaner reinforcement schedules applicable to real\u2010world settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,7]],"date-time":"2012-12-07T05:18:19Z","timestamp":1354857499000},"page":"344-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["An Evaluation of Multi\u2010Component Exposure Treatment of Needle Phobia in an Adult with Autism and Intellectual Disability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jason J.","family":"Wolff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Psychology Center for Neurobehavioral Development University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798007144"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-004-3619-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088357609338477"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(01)00063-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Needle phobia: a neglected diagnosis","volume":"41","author":"Hamilton J. 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