{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:14:49Z","timestamp":1790144089972,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1371600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"City University of New York Collaborative Incentive","award":["919230001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["919230001"]}]},{"name":"City University of New York Collaborative Incentive","award":["P01 HD35897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HD35897"]}]},{"name":"City University of New York Collaborative Incentive","award":["P30 HD024061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 HD024061"]}]},{"name":"City University of New York Collaborative Incentive","award":["R01 AG14771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG14771"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Research Intellect Disabil"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In individuals with Down syndrome, virtually all structures of the eye have some abnormality, which likely diminishes vision. We examined basic vision functions in adults with Down syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants completed a battery of psychophysical tests that probed a comprehensive array of visual functions. The performance of adults with Down syndrome was compared with younger and older adults without intellectual disability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults with Down syndrome had significant vision deficits, reduced sensitivity across spatial frequencies and temporal modulation rates, reduced stereopsis, impaired vernier acuity and anomalies in colour discrimination. The pattern of deficits observed was similar to those seen by researchers examining adults with Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings suggest that a common mechanism may be responsible for the pattern of deficits observed, possibly the presence of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology in the visual association cortex. We also showed that individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disability are capable of participating in studies employing state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art psychophysical procedures. This has wider implications in terms of their ability to participate in research that use similar techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]],"date-time":"2013-06-19T12:06:43Z","timestamp":1371643603000},"page":"247-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Vision Deficits in Adults with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Krinsky\u2010McHale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kennedy Krieger Institute and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter College City University of New York New York NY USA"},{"name":"The Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlynne A.","family":"Devenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities Staten Island NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Oley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medgar Evers College City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Abramov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA"},{"name":"Brooklyn College City University of New York Brooklyn NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318194e934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-199909000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80395-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198504000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13816819609057864"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.114.512.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90197-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1968.sp008574"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992288902800804"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(90)90116-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1994.tb11895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199503000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.12.2316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72015-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903120411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","volume-title":"Spatial Vision","author":"Valois R. L.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00624.x","article-title":"Normal ageing in adults with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study","volume":"40","author":"Devenny D. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sageke.2005.14.dni"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088502700602"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2001.00350.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.33.000568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Farnsworth Dichotomous Test for Color Blindness Panel D\u201015 Manual","author":"Farnsworth D.","year":"1947"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Farnsworth\u2010Munsell 100\u2010Hue Test for the Examination of Color Discrimination Manual","author":"Farnsworth D.","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-198201000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"The Blackwell Handbook of Perception","author":"Gordon J.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199903000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199710000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00193-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"KimL. Y.&DettermanD. K.(1996)Contrast sensitivity in adults with Down syndrome and its effects on cognitive abilities and age. Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Gatlinburg TN."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"KimL. Y. DettermanD. K.&GilmoreG. C.(1994)Contrast sensitivity in adults with Down syndrome. Paper presented at the Gatlinburg Conference on Research and Theory in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Gatlinburg TN."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199807000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00174107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-06-01799.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3181a59d5d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2008.69.11.31686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-3092(82)90017-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(80)90093-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1988.tb02018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3104\/reports.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"Data Analysis and Regression","author":"Mosteller F.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Screening for ophthalmic pathology and its associated effects on adaptive behaviour in adults with Down's syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Prasher V.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The European Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530250097023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199706000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(200102)7:1<38::AID-MRDD1006>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00013614-199803000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2004)109<111:DIAWMR>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75002-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2003.00035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.12.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00513.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","volume-title":"Exploratory Data Analysis","author":"Tukey J. W.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990806)85:4<376::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1994.tb00396.x","article-title":"The need for assessment of sensory functioning in ageing people with mental handicap","volume":"38","author":"Van Schrojenstein Lantman\u2010de Valk H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)77380-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"A quantitative scoring technique for panel tests of colour vision","volume":"29","author":"Vingrys A. J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202828"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"A Biography of the Eye. Development Growth and Age","author":"Weale R. A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410170310"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1995.9592789.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-199710000-00023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrdd.20163"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjar.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjar.12062","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jar.12062","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,12]],"date-time":"2024-05-12T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1715530429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jar.12062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jar.12062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jar.12062","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2322","1468-3148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2322","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-3148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,19]]}}}